1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Interest in wearable health is growing |
1.2. | Roadmap of wearable sensor technology segmented by key biometrics |
1.3. | Wearable devices for medical and wellness applications increasingly overlap |
1.4. | Main health conditions targeted by wearable health technology |
1.5. | Prosumer demand for wearables can impact trends in the mass market |
1.6. | New sensors and e-textiles can expand the market for wearable fitness technology |
1.7. | Wearable motion sensors: Introduction |
1.8. | Overview of emerging use-cases for wearable motion sensors |
1.9. | MEMS-based IMUs for wearable motion sensing: SWOT |
1.10. | Wearable motion sensors: Conclusions |
1.11. | Wearable optical sensors: Introduction |
1.12. | Market outlook and technology readiness of wearable blood pressure |
1.13. | Wearable optical sensors: SWOT |
1.14. | Optical sensors: conclusions and outlook |
1.15. | Wearable optical imaging: Introduction |
1.16. | Optical imaging for wearables: SWOT |
1.17. | Optical imaging for wearables: key conclusions |
1.18. | Overview of wearable electrode types |
1.19. | Wearable electrodes: applications and product types |
1.20. | Consolidated SWOT of wearable electrodes |
1.21. | Wearable electrodes: conclusions and outlook |
1.22. | Wearable force and strain sensing |
1.23. | Wearable force/pressure sensors: SWOT |
1.24. | Wearable force/pressure sensors: conclusions and outlook |
1.25. | SWOT: Wearable strain sensors: |
1.26. | Conclusions and outlook: Wearable strain sensors |
1.27. | Wearable temperature sensors |
1.28. | SWOT: Wearable temperature sensors |
1.29. | Conclusions and outlook: Wearable temperature sensors |
1.30. | Wearable chemical sensing |
1.31. | SWOT: Chemical glucose sensors |
1.32. | Conclusions and outlook: Chemical wearable sensors for glucose sensing |
1.33. | Novel biometrics and sensing methods |
1.34. | Readiness level and market potential: Wearable sensors for novel biometrics |
1.35. | Conclusions and outlook: Wearable sensors for novel biometrics |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Introduction to wearable sensors |
2.2. | Wearable technology takes many form factors |
2.3. | Overview of wearable sensor types |
2.4. | Connecting form factors, sensors and metrics |
2.5. | How is wearable sensor data used? |
2.6. | Definitions of sensors within devices |
2.7. | Interest in wearable health monitoring is growing |
2.8. | Can new wearable sensors persuade mass-market consumers to switch brands? |
2.9. | New sensors and e-textiles can expand the market for wearable fitness technology |
2.10. | Combining wearable health data with environmental and food-safety: An emerging opportunity |
2.11. | Trends in wearables for digital health: from node to network |
2.12. | The health insurance sector expands the market for consumer wearables |
2.13. | Virtual reality depends on wearable sensors for immersion |
2.14. | VR headsets revenue forecast reflects growth opportunity for wearable sensors |
2.15. | Roadmap of wearable sensor technology segmented by key biometrics |
3. | MARKET FORECASTS |
3.1. | Forecasting: introduction and definitions |
3.2. | Definitions and categorisation for sensor types |
3.3. | Sensor revenue - historic data and forecast |
3.4. | Market share - historic data and forecast |
3.5. | Sensor volume - historic data and forecast |
3.6. | Sensor pricing - historic data and forecast |
3.7. | Sensor revenue - historic data and forecast |
3.8. | Disposable electrode forecast - volume |
3.9. | Disposable electrode forecast - revenue |
4. | MOTION SENSORS |
4.1.1. | Introduction to wearable motion sensors |
4.1.2. | Motion Sensors: |
4.2. | Inertial Measurement Units |
4.2.1. | Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): An introduction |
4.2.2. | MEMS: The manufacturing method for IMUs |
4.2.3. | IMU packages: MEMs accelerometers |
4.2.4. | IMU Packages: MEMS Gyroscopes |
4.2.5. | IMU Packages: magnetometers (digital compasses) |
4.2.6. | IMU Packages: magnetometer types |
4.2.7. | IMUs for smart-watches: major players and industry dynamic |
4.2.8. | Magnetometer suppliers and industry dynamic |
4.2.9. | Limitations and common errors with MEMS sensors |
4.2.10. | MEMS IMUs are becoming a commodity |
4.2.11. | An opportunity for MEMs barometers to expand 3D motion sensing |
4.2.12. | Accelerometers for hearables - biggest market growth expected for earphones |
4.2.13. | Opportunity for wearable motion sensors to solve the problem of internal navigation unsolved by GPS |
4.2.14. | Impact of the chip shortage on MEMS |
4.2.15. | MEMS-based IMUs for wearable motion sensing: SWOT |
4.2.16. | MEMS-based IMUs for wearable motion sensing: Outlook |
4.3. | Motion Sensors: Emerging Applications |
4.3.1. | Overview of emerging use-cases for wearable motion sensors |
4.3.2. | Introduction to telemedicine and remote patient monitoring |
4.3.3. | Motion sensors for remote patient monitoring |
4.3.4. | Wearable respiratory rate monitoring depends on motion sensors |
4.3.5. | Opportunities for motion sensors in remote patient monitoring of cancer performance status |
4.3.6. | Wearable motion sensors play a role in digital physical therapy |
4.3.7. | Motion capture innovation to influence the future of rehabilitation and the prosumer market |
4.3.8. | Introduction to wearable activity monitoring in clinical trials |
4.3.9. | Motion sensors are the most common wearable sensor used within clinical trials |
4.3.10. | Introduction to motion sensors for virtual reality |
4.3.11. | Controllers and sensing connect XR devices to the environment and the user |
4.3.12. | 3DoF vs. 6DoF: what motion can my headset track? |
4.3.13. | IMU case study: Microsoft's HoloLens 2 and Occulus/Meta |
4.3.14. | Introduction to wearables for health insurance |
4.3.15. | Biomarker usage in insurance dominated by motion sensing |
4.3.16. | Monitoring activity with motion sensors is rewarded through partnerships with a range of service providers |
4.3.17. | Motion sensor access is crucial across the packages offered by Vitality |
4.3.18. | Health insurance use of motion sensor data expands the market for consumer smart watches |
4.4. | Motion Sensors: Conclusions |
4.4.1. | Wearable motion sensors: Conclusions |
4.4.2. | Wearable Motion Sensors: Outlook |
5. | OPTICAL SENSORS |
5.1.1. | Optical sensors: introduction |
5.1.2. | Optical Sensors: |
5.2. | PPG and Spectroscopy |
5.2.1. | Sensing principle of photoplethysmography (PPG) |
5.2.2. | Applications of photoplethysmography (PPG) |
5.2.3. | Pros and cons of transmission and reflectance modes |
5.2.4. | Key players in PPG hardware and algorithm development |
5.2.5. | SWOT: PPG sensors |
5.2.6. | Introduction to wearable spectroscopy |
5.2.7. | Near-infrared spectroscopy faces challenges from overlapping bands |
5.2.8. | Key players and potential customers for wearable spectroscopy as 'clinic on the wrist' |
5.2.9. | SWOT: Wearable spectroscopy |
5.3. | Optical Sensors: Heart Rate |
5.3.1. | How is heart rate obtained from optical PPG sensors? |
5.3.2. | Wearable heart-rate: Use cases, opportunities and key Players |
5.3.3. | Comparing the remaining opportunities for wearable heart-rate between insurers, clinicians and consumers |
5.3.4. | Specific opportunity for integrated heart-rate sensors within the prosumer market |
5.3.5. | A closer look at wearable heart-rate in clinical trials |
5.3.6. | Roadmap for wearable optical heart-rate sensors |
5.3.7. | Wearable heart-rate sensors (optical): conclusions and outlook |
5.3.8. | Wearable heart-rate sensors (optical): key conclusions |
5.4. | Optical Sensors: Pulse Oximetry |
5.4.1. | Obtaining blood oxygen from PPG |
5.4.2. | Differences in wellness and medical applications of wearable blood oxygen |
5.4.3. | Early adopters of pulse-oximetry in smart-watches |
5.4.4. | Impact of COVID-19 on interest in blood oxygen |
5.4.5. | Blood oxygen contributing to 'in-house' metrics on performance and sleep |
5.4.6. | Wearable pulse oximetry can offer less invasive monitoring of babies and children |
5.4.7. | Market outlook and technology readiness of wearable pulse oximeters |
5.4.8. | Future of pulse oximetry could come in the form of skin patches |
5.4.9. | Cambridge display technology: Pulse oximetry sensing with OPDs |
5.4.10. | Wearable blood oxygen sensors: conclusions and SWOT |
5.5. | Optical Sensors: Blood Pressure |
5.5.1. | Many health conditions are associated with blood pressure generating a large total addressable market |
5.5.2. | Classifying blood pressure |
5.5.3. | Breakdown of wearable brands used for cardiovascular clinical research |
5.5.4. | How do requirements vary for stakeholders in wearable blood pressure technology |
5.5.5. | Incumbent sensor technology: blood pressure cuffs and the oscillometric method |
5.5.6. | Combining pulse metrics to access blood pressure using wearable PPG and ECG |
5.5.7. | PPG Waveform/Pulse Wave Analysis |
5.5.8. | Progress of non-invasive blood pressure sensing |
5.5.9. | Overview of technologies for cuff-less blood pressure |
5.5.10. | Case Study: Valencell - cuff-less, cal-free blood pressure |
5.5.11. | Advantages and limitations for bless pressure hearables. |
5.5.12. | Market outlook and technology readiness of wearable blood pressure |
5.5.13. | Wearable blood pressure : Conclusions and SWOT |
5.5.14. | Wearable blood pressure : key conclusions |
5.6. | Optical Sensors: Non-invasive Glucose Monitoring |
5.6.1. | Scale of the diabetes management industry continues to incentivize development of optical glucose sensors |
5.6.2. | FDA requirements for glucose monitoring |
5.6.3. | Near-Infrared Spectroscopy - Recent academic studies on glucose monitoring |
5.6.4. | Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Mid Infrared and Terahertz Spectroscopy |
5.6.5. | Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Raman spectroscopy and optical rotation |
5.6.6. | Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Dielectric spectroscopy |
5.6.7. | Active companies developing optical methods for glucose monitoring |
5.6.8. | Non-invasive glucose monitoring: approaches |
5.6.9. | Notable Quotes on Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring |
5.6.10. | Optical glucose sensors: SWOT |
5.6.11. | Optical glucose sensors: conclusions |
5.7. | Optical Sensors: Conclusions |
5.7.1. | Wearable optical sensors: SWOT |
5.7.2. | Optical sensors: conclusions and outlook |
6. | OPTICAL IMAGING |
6.1.1. | Introduction to wearable optical imaging |
6.2. | Optical Imaging: 3D Imaging and Depth Sensors |
6.2.1. | Introduction to 3D imaging in wearables |
6.2.2. | Stereoscopic vision: Utilizing two cameras for depth perception |
6.2.3. | Time of Flight (ToF) cameras for depth sensing |
6.2.4. | Time of Flight Example: Microsoft and Kinect/Hololens |
6.2.5. | Structured light: Established for use in FaceID |
6.2.6. | Structured Light Example: Intel's RealSense™ |
6.2.7. | Application example: motion capture in animation |
6.2.8. | Spectroscopic vision example: Ultraleap |
6.2.9. | Commercial 3D camera examples |
6.2.10. | Comparison of 3D imaging technologies |
6.2.11. | Interim summary: Positional and motion tracking for XR |
6.3. | Optical Imaging: Eye Tracking |
6.3.1. | Why is eye-tracking important for AR/VR devices? |
6.3.2. | Eye-tracking sensor categories |
6.3.3. | Eye-tracking using cameras with machine vision |
6.3.4. | Eye-tracking companies based on conventional/NIR cameras and machine vision software |
6.3.5. | Event-based vision for AR/VR eye-tracking |
6.3.6. | Event-based vision: Pros and cons |
6.3.7. | Importance of software for event-based vision |
6.3.8. | Eye tracking with laser scanning MEMS |
6.3.9. | Capacitive sensing of eye movement |
6.3.10. | Interim summary: Eye-tracking for XR |
6.4. | Optical imaging: Conclusions |
6.4.1. | Optical imaging for wearables: SWOT |
6.4.2. | Optical imaging for wearables: key conclusions |
7. | ELECTRODES |
7.1.1. | Introduction to wearable electrodes |
7.2. | Electrodes: Overview and Key Players |
7.2.1. | Applications and product types |
7.2.2. | Key requirements of wearable electrodes |
7.2.3. | Key players in wearable electrodes |
7.2.4. | Skin patch and e-textile electrode supply chain |
7.2.5. | Increased demand for wearable sensors with electrodes |
7.2.6. | Material suppliers collaboration has enabled large scale trials of wearable skin patches |
7.2.7. | Supplier overview: printed electrodes for skin patches and e-textiles (I) |
7.2.8. | Supplier overview: printed electrodes for skin patches and e-textiles (2) |
7.3. | Electrodes: Types |
7.3.1. | Overview of wearable electrode types |
7.4. | Electrode Types: Wet and Dry |
7.4.1. | Wet vs dry electrodes |
7.4.2. | Wet electrodes: The incumbent technology |
7.4.3. | The role of adhesive in wet electrodes |
7.4.4. | Dry electrodes: A more durable emerging solution |
7.4.5. | Skin patches use both wet and dry electrodes depending on the use-case |
7.4.6. | E-textiles integrate dry electrodes and conductive inks |
7.4.7. | Electrode and sensing functionality woven into textiles |
7.4.8. | E-textile market adoption of conductive inks has peaked |
7.4.9. | SWOT analysis and key conclusions for wet and dry electrodes |
7.5. | Electrode Types: Microneedles |
7.5.1. | Microneedle electrodes |
7.5.2. | Evaluating materials and manufacturing methods for microneedle electrode arrays |
7.5.3. | Researchers are investigating microneedle manufacture via micromolding |
7.5.4. | Flexible microneedle arrays possible with PET substrates |
7.5.5. | Microneedle electrodes less susceptible to noise |
7.5.6. | Global distribution of microneedle array patch developers |
7.5.7. | Outlook for microneedle electrodes |
7.6. | Electrode Types: Electronic Skins |
7.6.1. | Electronic skins (also known as 'epidermal electronics') |
7.6.2. | Materials and manufacturing approaches to electronic skins |
7.6.3. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (Stanford University) |
7.6.4. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (VTT/Tampere University) |
7.6.5. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (Northwestern University) |
7.6.6. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (University of Tokyo) (I) |
7.6.7. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (University of Tokyo) (II) |
7.6.8. | Outlook for electronic skins |
7.7. | Electrodes: Application Trends |
7.7.1. | Wearable electrodes: Applications and product types |
7.8. | Electrode Application Trends: Biopotential - ECG |
7.8.1. | Introduction: Measuring biopotential |
7.8.2. | Introduction: electrocardiography (ECG, or EKG) |
7.8.3. | Arrythmia detection is a key use-case for ECG with opportunities for wet and dry electrodes |
7.8.4. | Diagnosis process for atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias most reduced via implantables |
7.8.5. | Skin patches solve ECG monitoring pain points |
7.8.6. | Cardiac monitoring skin patches: device types |
7.8.7. | Cardiac monitoring device types: Advantages and disadvantages |
7.8.8. | Reimbursement codes for wearable cardiac monitors |
7.8.9. | Key players: Skin patches/Holter for ECG |
7.8.10. | Cardiac monitoring players and devices |
7.8.11. | Wrist-worn ECG struggles to compete with the 12-lead gold standard |
7.8.12. | E-textile integrated ECG predominantly used in extreme environments with new market opportunities emerging |
7.8.13. | Summary and outlook for wearable ECG |
7.9. | Electrode Application Trends: Biopotential - EEG |
7.9.1. | Electroencephalography (EEG) |
7.9.2. | Key players and applications of wearable EEG |
7.9.3. | Clinical market: wet electrodes create a pain point for epilepsy patients and an opportunity for new materials and wearables |
7.9.4. | Hearable EEG for seizure prediction closing in on FDA approval |
7.9.5. | Sleep market for EEG in competition with the wider sleep-tech sector |
7.9.6. | Easier access to emotion monitoring expands the opportunity within marketing |
7.9.7. | Advanced brain computer interfaces will be implantable before they are wearable |
7.9.8. | An opportunity for EEG in virtual reality |
7.9.9. | Summary and outlook for wearable EEG |
7.10. | Electrode Application Trends: Biopotential - EMG |
7.10.1. | Introduction to Electromyography (EMG) |
7.10.2. | Investment in EMG for virtual reality and neural interfacing is increasing |
7.10.3. | Key players and applications of wearable EMG |
7.10.4. | Opportunities in the prosumer market for EMG integrated e-textiles |
7.10.5. | Meta's prototype EMG wristband measures finger position with mm resolution for human machine interface |
7.10.6. | Summary and outlook for EMG |
7.10.7. | Outlook for wearable biopotential in XR/AR |
7.10.8. | Electrodes: Application Trends: Bioimpedance |
7.11. | Bioimpedance: An introduction |
7.11.1. | Technology overview - Galvanic skin response (GSR) |
7.11.2. | GSR algorithms: Managing noise and other errors |
7.11.3. | GSR algorithms: Data interpretation challenges |
7.11.4. | Commercialised GSR Devices |
7.11.5. | Bioimpedance also enables hydration monitoring |
7.11.6. | Summary and outlook for bioimpedance/GSR |
7.12. | Electrodes: Conclusions |
7.12.1. | Consolidated SWOT of wearable electrodes |
7.12.2. | Wearable electrodes: conclusions and outlook |
8. | FORCE AND STRAIN SENSORS |
8.1.1. | Introduction to wearable force and strain sensing |
8.2. | Force Sensors |
8.2.1. | Force sensing with piezoresistive materials |
8.2.2. | Thin film pressure sensor architectures |
8.2.3. | Smart insoles are the main application for printed pressure sensors |
8.2.4. | Smart insoles target both fitness and medical applications |
8.2.5. | Movesole outlines durability challenges for smart insoles |
8.2.6. | Sensoria integrates pressure sensors into a sock rather than an insole |
8.2.7. | Force sensing with piezoelectric materials |
8.2.8. | Piezoelectric pressure sensors restricted to niche applications |
8.2.9. | Novel wearable pressure sensor technologies struggle to gain traction |
8.2.10. | Intervention pathways depend on temperature sensors and RPM integration |
8.2.11. | Mapping the wearable force sensor landscape |
8.2.12. | Outlook for wearable force/pressure sensors |
8.3. | Strain Sensors |
8.3.1. | Competing approaches to wearable strain sensing |
8.3.2. | Capacitive strain sensors |
8.3.3. | Use of dielectric electroactive polymers (EAPs) |
8.3.4. | Strain sensitive e-textiles utilized in gloves |
8.3.5. | Capacitive strain sensors integrated into clothing |
8.3.6. | Resistive strain sensors |
8.3.7. | Karlsruhe Institute for Technology develop 3D printed soft electronics for strain sensing |
8.3.8. | Liquid Wire develops wearable strain sensors based on liquid metal gel |
8.3.9. | Strain sensor examples: BeBop Sensors |
8.3.10. | Mapping the wearable force sensor landscape |
8.3.11. | Outlook for wearable strain sensors |
9. | TEMPERATURE SENSORS |
9.1. | Two main roles for temperature sensors in wearables |
9.2. | Incumbent methods for measuring core body temperature are invasive |
9.3. | Key players, form factors and applications for wearable body temperature sensors |
9.4. | Types of temperature sensor |
9.5. | Success for wearable temperature requires both accuracy and continuous monitoring capabilities. |
9.6. | Wearable temperature sensor utilized as route to market for flexible batteries |
9.7. | Emerging approaches utilising NIR spectroscopy |
9.8. | Flexible wearable temperature sensing (PST Sensors) |
9.9. | Mapping the wearable temperature sensor landscape |
9.10. | Summary of wearable temperature sensors: SWOT |
9.11. | Summary of key conclusions for wearable temperature sensors |
10. | CHEMICAL SENSORS |
10.1.1. | Chemical sensors: Chapter overview |
10.1.2. | Chemical sensing: An introduction |
10.1.3. | Selectivity and signal transduction |
10.1.4. | Analyte selection and availability |
10.1.5. | Optical chemical sensors |
10.2. | Chemical Sensors: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (Interstitial CGM) |
10.2.1. | Introduction to diabetes management |
10.2.2. | Introduction to continuous glucose monitors |
10.2.3. | Operating principle typical CGM device |
10.2.4. | Sensing principle of commercial CGM |
10.2.5. | CGM sensor chemistry |
10.2.6. | CGM technologies: glucose dehydrogenase |
10.2.7. | CGM miniaturization and "green" diabetes |
10.2.8. | CGM sensor manufacturing and anatomy |
10.2.9. | Sensor filament structure |
10.2.10. | Foreign body responses to CGM devices |
10.2.11. | Calibration of glucose monitoring devices |
10.2.12. | Interference of medication with CGM accuracy |
10.2.13. | Comparison metrics for CGM devices |
10.2.14. | CGM: Overview of key players |
10.2.15. | Market share in 2019 (revenue) |
10.2.16. | Example: Accuracy of CGM devices over time |
10.2.17. | SWOT analysis of interstitial sensors for CGM |
10.3. | Chemical Sensors: Non-invasive Glucose Monitoring |
10.3.1. | Measuring glucose in sweat |
10.3.2. | Measuring glucose in tears |
10.3.3. | Measuring glucose in saliva |
10.3.4. | Measuring glucose in breath |
10.3.5. | Measuring glucose in urine |
10.3.6. | SWOT analysis of non-invasive chemical sensors |
10.4. | Chemical Sensors: Conclusions |
10.4.1. | SWOT: Chemical glucose sensors |
10.4.2. | Companies using each technique (other fluids) |
10.4.3. | Roadmap of chemical wearable sensors for glucose sensing |
11. | NOVEL BIOSENSORS |
11.1.1. | Introduction to novel biometrics and methods |
11.2. | Novel Biosensors: Emerging Biometrics |
11.2.1. | Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable alcohol sensors |
11.2.2. | Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable lactate/lactic acid sensors |
11.2.3. | Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable hydration sensors |
11.3. | Novel Biosensors: Emerging Sensing Methods |
11.3.1. | Urine sensors in smart diapers seeking orders from elderly care providers |
11.3.2. | Ultrasound imaging could provide longer term competition to optical imaging. |
11.3.3. | Wearable sensing potential of microneedles for fluid sampling depends on scale up of manufacturing methods |
11.3.4. | 'Clinic on the Wrist' and 'Lab on Skin' competing to replace multiple diagnostic tests and monitor vital signs |
11.4. | Novel Biosensors: Conclusions |
11.4.1. | Market readiness of wearable sensors for novel biometrics |
11.4.2. | Conclusions and outlook: Wearable sensors for novel biometrics |