1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Hydrogen as a key tool for decarbonization |
1.2. | Production: the colors of hydrogen |
1.3. | National hydrogen strategies |
1.4. | Electrolyzer cells, stacks and balance of plant (BOP) |
1.5. | Overview of electrolyzer technologies |
1.6. | Electrolyzer balance of plant (BOP) layout example |
1.7. | Electrolyzer performance characteristics |
1.8. | Overview of electrolyzer technologies & market landscape |
1.9. | Pros & cons of electrolyzer technologies |
1.10. | AWE key performance characteristics |
1.11. | Advantages & limitations of AWE |
1.12. | AWE system suppliers by type (atmospheric, pressurized, advanced) |
1.13. | PEMEL key performance characteristics |
1.14. | Advantages & limitations of PEMEL |
1.15. | PEMEL stack suppliers |
1.16. | AEMEL key performance characteristics |
1.17. | Advantages & limitations of AEMEL |
1.18. | AEMEL stack suppliers |
1.19. | SOEC key performance characteristics |
1.20. | Advantages & limitations of SOEC |
1.21. | SOEC & SOFC system suppliers |
1.22. | Balance of plant component suppliers |
1.23. | Overview of alternative & novel electrolyzer technologies |
1.24. | Need for renewable energy & capacity factor considerations |
1.25. | Electrolyzer manufacturing cost estimates & considerations |
1.26. | Electrolyzer system capital cost (CapEx) forecast by technology |
1.27. | Levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) |
1.28. | Manufacturing scale-up is key for electrolyzer cost reductions |
1.29. | Electrolyzer suppliers by region (HQ) |
1.30. | Electrolyzer suppliers by technology |
1.31. | Electrolyzer manufacturing overview |
1.32. | Electrolyzer technology adoption |
1.33. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities by technology (2023-2029) |
1.34. | Electrolyzer installations forecast (GW) - annual & total |
1.35. | Annual electrolyzer installations by technology (GW) |
1.36. | Annual electrolyzer market (US$B) |
1.37. | Regional split in electrolyzer installations |
1.38. | National target & IDTechEx electrolyzer forecast comparison (Mtpa) |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | The need for unprecedented decarbonization |
2.2. | Hydrogen as a key tool for decarbonization |
2.3. | What is driving the hydrogen market? |
2.4. | Hydrogen economy and its key components |
2.5. | Production: the colors of hydrogen (1/2) |
2.6. | Production: the colors of hydrogen (2/2) |
2.7. | Why produce green hydrogen? |
2.8. | Overview of hydrogen application sectors |
2.9. | Which sectors could hydrogen decarbonize? |
2.10. | Power-to-X (PtX, P2X) |
2.11. | Historic state of the hydrogen industry |
2.12. | Traditional hydrogen production |
2.13. | Removing CO₂ emissions from hydrogen production |
2.14. | Hydrogen production processes by stage of development |
3. | POLICY & REGULATION |
3.1. | Overview of policy & regulation |
3.1.1. | National hydrogen strategies focus on green hydrogen |
3.2. | Global hydrogen policies |
3.2.1. | National hydrogen strategies (1/2) |
3.2.2. | National hydrogen strategies (2/2) |
3.2.3. | Hydrogen policy developments |
3.2.4. | Hydrogen policy developments |
3.2.5. | Hydrogen policy developments |
3.2.6. | Hydrogen policy developments |
3.2.7. | Hydrogen policy developments |
3.2.8. | Global policy impacts |
3.2.9. | Global policy impacts |
3.2.10. | National target & IDTechEx electrolyzer forecast comparison (Mtpa) |
3.3. | Hydrogen certification |
3.3.1. | Why is hydrogen certification needed? |
3.3.2. | Elements for a successful certification scheme |
3.3.3. | Emissions system boundaries for blue & green H₂ |
3.3.4. | Landscape of hydrogen certification schemes (1/2) |
3.3.5. | Landscape of hydrogen certification schemes (2/2) |
3.3.6. | Voluntary certification standards |
3.3.7. | Mandatory certification standards |
3.3.8. | The potential role of carbon pricing in the hydrogen economy |
4. | OVERVIEW OF ELECTROLYZER TECHNOLOGIES |
4.1. | Introduction to electrolyzer technologies |
4.1.1. | What are electrolyzers? |
4.1.2. | Monopolar vs bipolar electrolyzers |
4.1.3. | Overview of electrolyzer technologies |
4.1.4. | Electrolyzer performance characteristics |
4.1.5. | Typical green hydrogen plant layout |
4.1.6. | Electrolyzer cells, stacks and balance of plant (BOP) |
4.2. | Electrolyzer balance of plant (BOP) components & operational considerations |
4.2.1. | Introduction to the balance of plant (BOP) for electrolyzers |
4.2.2. | Electrolyzer balance of plant (BOP) components |
4.2.3. | Balance of plant (BOP) layout example |
4.2.4. | Key balance of plant (BOP) design considerations for electrolyzer plants |
4.2.5. | Thermal management & heat exchangers (1/2) |
4.2.6. | Thermal management & heat exchangers (2/2) |
4.2.7. | Electrolyzer plant water uses |
4.2.8. | Water purification processes (1/3) |
4.2.9. | Water purification processes (2/3) |
4.2.10. | Water purification processes (3/3) |
4.2.11. | Pumping requirements |
4.2.12. | Overview of electrical infrastructure needed for electrolyzer plants |
4.2.13. | Electrical infrastructure - transformers, rectifiers & switchgears |
4.2.14. | Electrical infrastructure - power supply unit (PSU) example |
4.2.15. | Electrical infrastructure example - Green Power Co Ltd |
4.2.16. | Hydrogen purity requirements & the need for gas purification |
4.2.17. | Gas purification - gas-liquid separator overview |
4.2.18. | Gas purification - gas-liquid separator comparison |
4.2.19. | Gas-liquid separator example - Pall Corporation |
4.2.20. | Gas purification - O₂ dehydrogenation & H₂ deoxygenation units |
4.2.21. | Gas purification - adsorption dryers for water removal |
4.2.22. | Gas purification - pressure swing adsorption (PSA) (1/2) |
4.2.23. | Gas purification - pressure swing adsorption (PSA) (2/2) |
4.2.24. | Gas purification - other options |
4.2.25. | Hydrogen safety considerations - gas crossover |
4.2.26. | Hydrogen safety considerations - leak detection case study (1/2) |
4.2.27. | Hydrogen safety considerations - leak detection case study (2/2) |
4.2.28. | NanoScent - hydrogen purity sensing case study |
4.2.29. | Hydrogen compression equipment |
4.2.30. | Hydrogen compression - Neuman & Esser example |
4.2.31. | Overview of hydrogen storage |
4.2.32. | Compressed hydrogen storage |
4.2.33. | Stationary storage systems |
4.2.34. | Balance of plant component suppliers (1/2) |
4.2.35. | Balance of plant component suppliers (2/2) |
4.3. | Electrolyzer challenges, innovations & comparisons |
4.3.1. | Why innovate electrolyzer materials & components? |
4.3.2. | Electrolyzer degradation |
4.3.3. | Factors to consider in electrolyzer choice |
4.3.4. | Considerations for choosing electrolyzer technology |
4.3.5. | Key requirements for cost-competitive green H₂ production |
4.3.6. | Cost challenges in green hydrogen production |
4.3.7. | Recent development in the hydrogen market |
4.3.8. | Future trends in the electrolyzer market |
4.3.9. | Important competing factors for the green H₂ market |
4.3.10. | Pros & cons of electrolyzer technologies |
4.3.11. | Key innovations in electrolyzer technologies |
4.3.12. | Electrolyzer technologies by state of development |
4.3.13. | Electrolyzer manufacturers database |
5. | ALKALINE WATER ELECTROLYZER (AWE) TECHNOLOGY |
5.1. | Overview of alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) technology |
5.1.1. | Alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) plant - operating principles |
5.1.2. | AWE plant - process flow diagram |
5.1.3. | Overview of AWE advantages, limitations, status & prospects |
5.1.4. | Classifications of alkaline electrolyzers |
5.1.5. | Atmospheric vs pressurized AWEs |
5.1.6. | AWE cell designs - Nel ASA & Accelera (Hydrogenics) |
5.1.7. | AWE key performance characteristics |
5.1.8. | Advantages & limitations of AWE |
5.1.9. | AWE materials & components |
5.1.10. | US DOE technical targets for AWE |
5.2. | AWE materials & components |
5.2.1. | Cathode: hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) |
5.2.2. | Alkaline HER volcano & cathode catalysts |
5.2.3. | Nickel-based & Raney Ni electrocatalysts |
5.2.4. | Anode: oxygen evolution reaction (OER) |
5.2.5. | OER intermediate steps & scaling relationships |
5.2.6. | Alkaline OER volcano plot & anode catalysts |
5.2.7. | Nickel-based & mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes |
5.2.8. | Considerations in AWE electrode design |
5.2.9. | Metal supports for electrocatalysts |
5.2.10. | Degradation of electrodes (1/2) |
5.2.11. | Degradation of electrodes (2/2) |
5.2.12. | AWE cathode & anode catalysts summary |
5.2.13. | Hydrogen embrittlement & compatible metal alloys |
5.2.14. | AWE bipolar plate characteristics |
5.2.15. | AWE bipolar plate materials |
5.2.16. | AWE separator / diaphragm |
5.2.17. | Commercial AWE diaphragm - Zirfon (1/2) |
5.2.18. | Commercial AWE diaphragm - Zirfon (2/2) |
5.2.19. | AWE gaskets |
5.2.20. | AWE gasket materials (1/2) |
5.2.21. | AWE end plates & stack assembly (1/2) |
5.2.22. | AWE end plates & stack assembly (2/2) |
5.3. | Zero-gap cell AWE |
5.3.1. | Zero-gap alkaline electrolyzers |
5.3.2. | Motivation for improving the AWE |
5.3.3. | Key innovation focuses for AWE improvement |
5.3.4. | AWE membrane electrode assembly (MEA) |
5.3.5. | Porous transport layers (PTLs) (1/2) |
5.3.6. | Porous transport layers (PTLs) (2/2) |
5.3.7. | De Nora's zero-gap cell design |
5.3.8. | Notable projects developing advanced AWE |
5.4. | Advanced AWE technologies |
5.4.1. | AWE systems with advanced design features |
5.4.2. | Next Hydrogen: new AWE stack architecture (1/2) |
5.4.3. | Next Hydrogen: new AWE stack architecture (2/2) |
5.4.4. | AquaHydrex: AWE system redesign |
5.4.5. | Hysata: capillary-fed cell design |
5.4.6. | Hysata: capillary-fed cell design |
5.5. | AWE suppliers, system specs, system case studies & project analysis |
5.5.1. | AWE system suppliers by type (atmospheric, pressurized, advanced) |
5.5.2. | AWE suppliers list (1/4) |
5.5.3. | AWE suppliers list (2/4) |
5.5.4. | AWE suppliers list (3/4) |
5.5.5. | AWE suppliers list (4/4) |
5.5.6. | Commercial AWE system specs (1/3) |
5.5.7. | Commercial AWE system specs (2/3) |
5.5.8. | Commercial AWE system specs (3/3) |
5.5.9. | Nel Hydrogen's AWE system case study - skid-mounted system |
5.5.10. | Exion Hydrogen system case study - containerized system |
5.5.11. | Overview of AWE projects by status |
5.5.12. | Overview of AWE projects by region |
5.5.13. | Overview of operational AWE projects - small to medium scale projects |
5.5.14. | China - Sinopec Xinjiang Kuqa |
5.5.15. | Sweden - Ovako's Hofors steel rolling plant |
5.5.16. | Japan - Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field |
5.5.17. | Overview of large AWE projects under active development |
5.5.18. | Saudi Arabia - NEOM Green Hydrogen Complex |
5.5.19. | Sweden - H2 Green Steel |
5.5.20. | USA - Advanced Clean Energy Storage (ACES) Delta Hub |
6. | PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYZER (PEMEL) TECHNOLOGY |
6.1. | Overview of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL) technology |
6.1.1. | Proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL) plant - operating principles |
6.1.2. | PEMEL plant - process flow diagram |
6.1.3. | Overview of PEMEL advantages, limitations, status & prospects |
6.1.4. | PEMEL key performance characteristics |
6.1.5. | Advantages & limitations of PEMEL |
6.1.6. | PEMEL materials & components summary |
6.1.7. | US DOE technical targets for PEMEL |
6.1.8. | PEMEL & PEMFC component overlap |
6.1.9. | PEMEL cell design example - Siemens Energy |
6.1.10. | PEM electrolyzer example |
6.2. | PEMEL operating principles, materials & components |
6.2.1. | Cathode: hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) |
6.2.2. | Acidic HER volcano & cathode catalysts |
6.2.3. | Commercial platinum on carbon (Pt/C) catalysts |
6.2.4. | Anode: oxygen evolution reaction (OER) |
6.2.5. | Acidic OER volcano & cathode catalysts |
6.2.6. | Commercial iridium-based catalysts |
6.2.7. | Ir-Ru mixed metal oxide (MMO) catalysts |
6.2.8. | PEMEL cathode & anode catalysts summary |
6.2.9. | Proton exchange membrane overview |
6.2.10. | Overview of PFSA membranes |
6.2.11. | Overview of PFSA membranes |
6.2.12. | Nafion - the market leading membrane |
6.2.13. | Nafion properties & grades |
6.2.14. | Pros & cons of Nafion & PFSA membranes |
6.2.15. | Implications of potential PFAS bans |
6.2.16. | Gas diffusion layer (GDL) vs porous transport layer (PTL) |
6.2.17. | PTL/GDL characteristics & materials |
6.2.18. | Cathode GDL: carbon paper |
6.2.19. | Anode PTL: sintered porous titanium |
6.2.20. | Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) overview |
6.2.21. | PEMEL vs PEMFC membrane electrode assembly |
6.2.22. | MEA functions & requirements |
6.2.23. | Typical catalyst coated membrane (CCM) |
6.2.24. | Bipolar plate functions & characteristics |
6.2.25. | Bipolar plate flow fields |
6.2.26. | Commercial bipolar plate: platinum-coated titanium |
6.2.27. | PEMEL gasket functions & requirements |
6.2.28. | Gasket design considerations |
6.2.29. | Gasket material selection |
6.2.30. | PEMEL cell frames |
6.2.31. | PEMEL end plates & stack assembly |
6.2.32. | Stack assembly example - Plug Power |
6.3. | Advanced PEMEL stack designs |
6.3.1. | Hoeller Electrolyzer - next generation PEM stacks |
6.3.2. | Hystar - reducing PEMEL membrane thickness without impacting safety (1/2) |
6.3.3. | Hystar - reducing PEMEL membrane thickness without impacting safety (2/2) |
6.3.4. | H2U Technologies - PGM-free PEM electrolyzer |
6.3.5. | Fusion Fuel - miniaturized PEMEL |
6.4. | PEMEL suppliers, system specs, system case studies & project analysis |
6.4.1. | PEMEL stack suppliers |
6.4.2. | PEMEL suppliers list (1/4) |
6.4.3. | PEMEL suppliers list (2/4) |
6.4.4. | PEMEL suppliers list (3/4) |
6.4.5. | PEMEL suppliers list (4/4) |
6.4.6. | Commercial PEMEL system specs (1/4) |
6.4.7. | Commercial PEMEL system specs (1/4) |
6.4.8. | Commercial PEMEL system specs (1/4) |
6.4.9. | Commercial PEMEL system specs (1/4) |
6.4.10. | H-TEC SYSTEMS case study - containerized system |
6.4.11. | Nel Hydrogen system case study - non-containerized system |
6.4.12. | Overview of PEMEL projects by status |
6.4.13. | Overview of PEMEL projects by region |
6.4.14. | Overview of operational PEMEL projects - small to medium scale projects |
6.4.15. | Spain - Iberdola's Puertollano Green Hydrogen Plant |
6.4.16. | Canada - Air Liquide's Becancour plant |
6.4.17. | Germany - Shell's REFHYNE 1 |
6.4.18. | Overview of large PEMEL projects under active development |
6.4.19. | France - Air Liquide's Normand'Hy project |
6.4.20. | USA - Plug Power's liquid hydrogen Texas plant |
6.4.21. | Portugal - Galp's Sines refinery |
7. | ANION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYZER (AEMEL) TECHNOLOGY |
7.1. | Overview of anion exchange membrane electrolyzer (AEMEL) technology |
7.1.1. | Anion exchange membrane electrolyzer (AEMEL) plant - operating principles |
7.1.2. | AEMEL plant - process flow diagram |
7.1.3. | The case for AEMEL development |
7.1.4. | AEMEL's similarities to AWE & PEMEL |
7.1.5. | AEMEL key performance characteristics |
7.1.6. | Advantages & limitations of AEMEL |
7.1.7. | AEMEL materials & components summary |
7.2. | AEMEL operating principles, materials & components |
7.2.1. | AEMEL catalysts summary |
7.2.2. | Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) |
7.2.3. | Anion exchange membrane (AEM) materials |
7.2.4. | AEM material challenges & prospects |
7.2.5. | Comparison of commercial AEM materials |
7.2.6. | Commercial AEM material examples |
7.2.7. | AEMEL membrane electrode assembly (MEA) |
7.2.8. | Commercial AEMEL MEA design |
7.2.9. | Other AEMEL components: GDL/PTL, bipolar plates, sealants, end plates |
7.3. | AEMEL suppliers, system specs, system case studies & project analysis |
7.3.1. | AEMEL stack suppliers |
7.3.2. | AEMEL suppliers list |
7.3.3. | Commercial AEMEL system specs |
7.3.4. | Enapter - the leading AEMEL company |
7.3.5. | Enapter's AEM Nexus 1000 (1MW system) |
7.3.6. | Enapter's projects in Asia |
7.3.7. | Enapter's projects in Europe |
8. | SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYZER (SOEC) TECHNOLOGY |
8.1. | Overview of solid oxide electrolyzers (SOEC) |
8.1.1. | Solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEC) plant - operating principles |
8.1.2. | SOEC plant - process flow diagram |
8.1.3. | SOEC key performance characteristics |
8.1.4. | Advantages & limitations of SOEC |
8.1.5. | SOEC materials & components summary |
8.1.6. | US DOE technical targets for SOEC |
8.2. | SOEC operating principles, materials & components |
8.2.1. | Solid oxide cell configurations |
8.2.2. | Tubular vs planar SOEC & SOFC cells |
8.2.3. | SOEC electrolyte functions & requirements |
8.2.4. | Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte |
8.2.5. | YSZ electrolyte technical & commercial considerations |
8.2.6. | Cathode: hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) |
8.2.7. | Ni cermet - the conventional material |
8.2.8. | Anode: oxygen evolution reaction (OER) |
8.2.9. | LSM-YSZ - the conventional material |
8.2.10. | SOEC component degradation challenges |
8.2.11. | SOEC interconnect functions & requirements |
8.2.12. | Metallic interconnects |
8.2.13. | SOEC sealant functions & requirements |
8.2.14. | Compressive sealants |
8.2.15. | Glass-ceramic sealants |
8.2.16. | SOEC insulation functions & requirements |
8.2.17. | Metallic component manufacturing, component integration & assembly |
8.2.18. | Elcogen - commercial SOEC cell example |
8.2.19. | Topsoe's SOEC cell development & outlook |
8.2.20. | Ceres Power - commercial SOFC example |
8.3. | SOEC suppliers, system case studies, business models & project analysis |
8.3.1. | SOEC & SOFC system suppliers |
8.3.2. | SOEC supplier list |
8.3.3. | Commercial SOEC system specs |
8.3.4. | FuelCell Energy's SOEC system |
8.3.5. | FuelCell Energy's SOEC system |
8.3.6. | Overview of business models for SOEC |
8.3.7. | Traditional syngas & grey hydrogen production technologies |
8.3.8. | Opportunity to reuse external process heat for SOEC |
8.3.9. | Production of syngas using steam & CO₂ |
8.3.10. | Example opportunity - clean syngas production using SOEC |
8.3.11. | Nuclear plants coupled with electrolysis for pink/purple hydrogen production |
8.3.12. | Is dynamic SOEC operation possible? |
8.3.13. | Overview of SOEC projects by region |
8.3.14. | Overview of SOEC projects by status |
8.3.15. | USA - Bloom Energy at the NASA Ames Research Center |
8.3.16. | Netherlands - Sunfire's MultiPLHY |
8.3.17. | Norway - Norsk E-Fuel Alpha Plant |
8.3.18. | South Korea -Bloom Energy & SK E&C partnership |
9. | ALTERNATIVE & NOVEL ELECTROLYZER TECHNOLOGIES |
9.1. | Overview of alternative & novel electrolyzer technologies |
9.1.1. | Overview of alternative & novel electrolyzer technologies |
9.2. | CO₂ electrolysis: low- & high-temperature |
9.2.1. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
9.2.2. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction catalysts |
9.2.3. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction technologies |
9.2.4. | Low-temperature electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
9.2.5. | ECO2Fuel Project |
9.2.6. | High-temperature solid oxide electrolyzers |
9.2.7. | Topsoe |
9.2.8. | Cost comparison of CO₂ electrochemical technologies |
9.2.9. | H₂O electrolysis industry much more developed than CO₂ electrolysis |
9.2.10. | Coupling H₂ and electrochemical CO₂ |
9.2.11. | What products can be made from CO₂ reduction? |
9.2.12. | Economic viability CO₂ reduction products |
9.2.13. | USA and Europe leading the way in CO₂ electrolysis |
9.2.14. | Summary of electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
9.3. | Seawater electrolysis |
9.3.1. | Introduction to seawater electrolysis |
9.3.2. | Direct seawater vs brine (chlor-alkali) electrolysis |
9.3.3. | Key challenges & limitations of seawater electrolysis |
9.3.4. | Overview of potential approaches for designing direct seawater electrolyzers |
9.3.5. | Catalyst research for direct seawater electrolysis |
9.3.6. | Membrane research for direct seawater electrolysis |
9.3.7. | Electrolyte research for direct seawater electrolysis |
9.3.8. | Commercial efforts in direct seawater electrolysis |
9.4. | Other novel electrolysis technologies |
9.4.1. | Proton ceramic electrolysis |
9.4.2. | Photocatalytic & photoelectrochemical methods |
9.4.3. | New high-temperature electrolysis technology |
9.4.4. | Direct MCH synthesis - ENEOS Corporation |
9.4.5. | Direct ammonia production by nitrogen electrolysis |
9.4.6. | Microbial electrolysis |
10. | TECHNO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS & GREEN HYDROGEN PROJECT ANALYSIS |
10.1. | Renewable energy sources for green hydrogen |
10.1.1. | Effect of geopolitics on gas prices & low-carbon hydrogen |
10.1.2. | Need for renewable energy & capacity factor considerations (1/2) |
10.1.3. | Need for renewable energy & capacity factor considerations (2/2) |
10.1.4. | Wind power potential & regional variability |
10.1.5. | Solar power potential & regional variability |
10.1.6. | Strategies to increase green hydrogen plant capacity factors |
10.1.7. | Importance of dynamic operation for electrolyzers |
10.1.8. | LCOE & importance of low-cost renewable energy in green H₂ production |
10.1.9. | Renewable installations needed for green hydrogen plants |
10.1.10. | Securing renewable energy for green hydrogen projects (1/2) |
10.1.11. | Securing renewable energy for green hydrogen projects (2/2) |
10.1.12. | Nuclear plants coupled with electrolysis for pink/purple hydrogen production |
10.2. | Cost of green hydrogen production |
10.2.1. | Electrolyzer manufacturing cost estimates & considerations |
10.2.2. | Electrolyzer system capital cost (CapEx) forecast by technology |
10.2.3. | Levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) |
10.2.4. | Sensitivity of LCOH to electricity prices & system CapEx |
10.2.5. | LCOH forecast for different types of hydrogen (grey, blue & green) |
10.2.6. | The impact of IRA tax credits on the cost of hydrogen |
10.2.7. | Regional LCOH fluctuations |
10.3. | Green hydrogen project analysis |
10.3.1. | Technological challenges for developing green hydrogen projects |
10.3.2. | Financial & macro-economic challenges for developing green hydrogen projects |
10.3.3. | Regulatory & environmental for developing green hydrogen projects |
10.3.4. | Green hydrogen project announcements by region |
10.3.5. | Green hydrogen project announcements by status |
10.3.6. | Green hydrogen project announcements by technology |
11. | ELECTROLYZER MARKET ANALYSIS |
11.1. | Overview of electrolyzer market analysis |
11.1.1. | Overview of electrolyzer technologies & market landscape |
11.2. | Electrolyzer market trends & business models |
11.2.1. | Opportunities to supply low-carbon products |
11.2.2. | Future-proofing for climate pledges & regulations |
11.2.3. | Opportunities in the electrolyzer & fuel cell materials supply chain |
11.2.4. | The focus on PEM electrolyzers |
11.2.5. | Plug-and-play & customizable PEMEL systems |
11.2.6. | Containerized electrolyzers & site layout optimization |
11.2.7. | Systems integration - a promising business strategy |
11.2.8. | Large scale AWE plants |
11.2.9. | Battolyser - battery & electrolyzer system |
11.2.10. | Subsea hydrogen storage |
11.2.11. | Manufacturing scale-up is key for electrolyzer cost reductions |
11.2.12. | Electrolyzer manufacturing challenges overview |
11.2.13. | Simultaneous engineering in electrolyzer design |
11.2.14. | The push towards electrolyzer gigafactories |
11.2.15. | Electrolyzer suppliers partnering with project developers |
11.2.16. | Project development interest from EPC & energy companies |
11.2.17. | Large order backlogs & long lead times |
11.2.18. | Key electrolyzer companies facing financial trouble |
11.3. | Electrolyzer manufacturing & supplier analysis |
11.3.1. | Electrolyzer supplier & market overview |
11.3.2. | Electrolyzer manufacturer database |
11.3.3. | Electrolyzer suppliers by technology |
11.3.4. | Electrolyzer suppliers by region (HQ) |
11.3.5. | Electrolyzer suppliers by region (HQ) |
11.3.6. | Electrolyzer suppliers by country (HQ) |
11.3.7. | Electrolyzer suppliers by commercialization status & technology |
11.3.8. | Electrolyzer suppliers by commercialization status & region (HQ) |
11.3.9. | Electrolyzer manufacturing overview |
11.3.10. | Electrolyzer technology adoption |
11.3.11. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities by technology (2023-2029) |
11.3.12. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities by HQ region (2023-2029) |
11.3.13. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities by HQ country (2023-2029) |
11.3.14. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities by manufacturing region (2023-2029) |
11.3.15. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities by manufacturing country (2023-2029) |
11.3.16. | Electrolyzer market trends in China & Asia Pacific |
11.3.17. | Electrolyzer market trends in Europe |
11.3.18. | Electrolyzer market trends in North America |
11.3.19. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities by company 2023 |
11.3.20. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities by company 2026 |
11.3.21. | Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities by company 2029 |
12. | ELECTROLYZER MARKET FORECASTS |
12.1. | Forecast summary |
12.2. | Electrolyzer market forecasting methodology & assumptions |
12.3. | Hydrogen demand considerations |
12.4. | Hydrogen demand forecast |
12.5. | Electrolyzer installations forecast (GW) - annual & total |
12.6. | Annual electrolyzer installations by technology (GW) |
12.7. | Total electrolyzer installations by technology (GW) |
12.8. | Percentage splits of electrolyzer installations by technology |
12.9. | Electrolyzer system capital cost (CapEx) forecast by technology |
12.10. | Annual electrolyzer market (US$B) |
12.11. | Total electrolyzer market (US$B) |
12.12. | Regional split in electrolyzer installations (1/2) |
12.13. | Regional split in electrolyzer installations (2/2) |
12.14. | National target & IDTechEx electrolyzer forecast comparison (Mtpa) |
13. | COMPANY PROFILES |
13.1. | Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE) |
13.1.1. | AquaHydrex |
13.1.2. | Asahi Kasei: Aqualyzer |
13.1.3. | Battolyser Systems |
13.1.4. | H2Pro |
13.1.5. | Hysata |
13.1.6. | LONGi Hydrogen |
13.1.7. | Nel ASA |
13.1.8. | Nel ASA: AWE Electrodes & Manufacturing Facilities |
13.1.9. | Next Hydrogen |
13.1.10. | Stargate Hydrogen |
13.1.11. | thyssenkrupp nucera |
13.2. | Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL) |
13.2.1. | 1s1 Energy |
13.2.2. | Electric Hydrogen |
13.2.3. | H2U Technologies |
13.2.4. | Hoeller Electrolyzer |
13.2.5. | H-Tec Systems |
13.2.6. | Hystar |
13.2.7. | ITM Power Plc |
13.2.8. | Ohmium |
13.2.9. | Plug Power |
13.3. | Anion exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL) |
13.3.1. | Enapter AG |
13.4. | Solid oxide electrolyzers (SOEC) |
13.4.1. | Bloom Energy |
13.4.2. | Elcogen |
13.4.3. | FuelCell Energy |
13.4.4. | Genvia |
13.4.5. | OxEon Energy |
13.5. | Alternative & novel electrolyzer technologies |
13.5.1. | Advanced Ionics |
13.5.2. | Atmonia |
13.5.3. | Avantium: Volta Technology |
13.5.4. | ENEOS Corporation: Direct MCH Technology |
13.5.5. | Equatic |
13.5.6. | Twelve Corporation |