1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Generic description of heads-up displays |
1.2. | Historical overview of heads-up displays |
1.3. | HUD requirements |
1.4. | Evolution of automotive HUDs |
1.5. | Why automotive heads-up displays? |
1.6. | HUD key requirements |
1.7. | Classifications of various HUD technologies and types |
1.8. | Major PGU technology comparison |
1.9. | HUD technology readiness level |
1.10. | Key benefits and drawbacks of various PGU technologies |
1.11. | HUD development trend |
1.12. | Summary of HUD application |
1.13. | European key players |
1.14. | North American key players |
1.15. | Asia/Middle East key players |
1.16. | A selection of automotive with HUDs |
1.17. | Automotive HUD supplier chain |
2. | MARKET FORECASTS |
2.1. | Forecasting methodology |
2.2. | Visualizing product and technology trend curves |
2.3. | Global volume forecast by HUD type |
2.4. | Global volume forecast by HUD technology |
2.5. | Global HUD market value forecast |
2.6. | Europe volume forecast by HUD type |
2.7. | America volume forecast by HUD type |
2.8. | Asia/Middle East/Oceania volume forecast by HUD type |
2.9. | Africa volume forecast by HUD type |
2.10. | Central & South America volume forecast by HUD type |
2.11. | US volume forecast by HUD type |
2.12. | China volume forecast by HUD type |
2.13. | Japan volume forecast by HUD type |
2.14. | South Korea volume forecast by HUD type |
2.15. | India volume forecast by HUD type |
2.16. | Forecast explanation |
3. | HUD TECHNOLOGIES |
3.1. | HUD types and technologies |
3.2. | HUD working principle |
3.3. | What is a projection heads-up display (HUD) |
3.4. | How does a HUD system work? 1 |
3.5. | How does a HUD system work? 2 |
3.6. | Main HUD specification illustration |
4. | PICTURE GENERATION UNIT (PGU) |
4.1.1. | The picture generation unit (PGU) setup |
4.2. | Laser-Scanned MEMS |
4.2.1. | Introduction to laser-scanned MEMS |
4.2.2. | What can laser-scanned MEMS bring to HUDs |
4.3. | TFT-LCD |
4.3.1. | Overview of TFT-LCD |
4.3.2. | The rise of thin-film transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCDs) |
4.3.3. | The legacy variant - twisted nematic liquid crystal |
4.3.4. | TFT-based in-plane switching (IPS) technology |
4.3.5. | Vertical alignment (VA) LCDs |
4.3.6. | TN vs IPS vs VA |
4.3.7. | TFT-LCD automotive display value propositions |
4.3.8. | Automotive display component assembly |
4.3.9. | Typical TFT-LCD based display component layout |
4.3.10. | Effects of Polarized Sunglasses |
4.3.11. | TFT-LCDs key features |
4.3.12. | TFT-LCD PGUs |
4.3.13. | What do LCDs offer to the automotive sector? |
4.3.14. | TFT-LCD |
4.3.15. | Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) For Displays |
4.3.16. | History of solid-state lighting |
4.3.17. | What is an LED? |
4.3.18. | How does an LED work? |
4.3.19. | Homojunction vs heterojunction |
4.3.20. | LED size definitions |
4.3.21. | MiniLEDs |
4.3.22. | Comparisons of LEDs for displays |
4.3.23. | LED comparison |
4.3.24. | MiniLED - Moving past LED and towards full-array local dimming |
4.3.25. | MiniLEDs are facilitating local dimming in LCDs to achieve HDR and higher image contrasts |
4.3.26. | Back-lit dimming |
4.3.27. | Edge-lit local dimming |
4.3.28. | Full-array local dimming |
4.4. | DLP |
4.4.1. | Use of DLP in combiner HUDs |
4.4.2. | Deformable Mirrors |
4.4.3. | Basic working principle of DMD |
4.4.4. | DMD light interactions |
4.4.5. | DMD: Light efficiency |
4.4.6. | Pros and cons of DLP |
4.4.7. | Do 3D PGUs make sense for combiner HUDs? |
4.4.8. | Amplitude holography challenges |
4.4.9. | Why is a diffuser in a DLP not suitable for 3D imaging? |
4.4.10. | DLP SWOT analysis |
4.5. | MicroLED Displays |
4.5.1. | From traditional LEDs... |
4.5.2. | ...to Micro-LEDs |
4.5.3. | Mini-LEDs and Micro-LEDs |
4.5.4. | Micro-LED displays: Size is an important feature |
4.5.5. | Micro LED displays: Beyond the size |
4.5.6. | A better definition? |
4.5.7. | Micro-LED display panel structure |
4.5.8. | Advantages of AM micro-LED micro-displays |
4.5.9. | Micro-LED value proposition list |
4.5.10. | Micro-LED's core value proposition: Long lifetime |
4.5.11. | Micro-LED's core value proposition: High luminance |
4.5.12. | Micro-LED's core value proposition: Transparency |
4.5.13. | Micro-LED's core value proposition: Seamless connection |
4.5.14. | Transparent display examples |
4.5.15. | MicroLED PGUs for the future? |
4.5.16. | What do microLEDs bring to the automotive sector? |
4.6. | Light Field Displays (LFDs) |
4.6.1. | Near-eye light field displays |
4.6.2. | Constructing the near-field LFD |
4.6.3. | Light field acquisition |
4.6.4. | Light field display |
4.6.5. | Types of light field displays |
4.6.6. | Spatial light field displays |
4.6.7. | Sequential light field displays |
4.6.8. | Light field displays is growing in the display sector as a viable mechanism to generate true 3D images |
4.6.9. | Why adopt spatial LFDs |
4.7. | Computer-generated holography (CGH) |
4.7.1. | Computer-generated holography shows no loss in resolution but has poorer image quality |
4.7.2. | Holography recreates the process of visualizing objects from first principles |
4.7.3. | Holography relies in diffraction - moving further from Young's double slit experiment |
4.7.4. | Why full 3D displays? |
4.7.5. | Diffraction - Wavefront approximations |
4.7.6. | Computer-generated holography does not require the recording stage and holograms computed digitally |
4.7.7. | Digital holographic HUDs |
4.7.8. | Computer-generated holography use in heads-up displays (HUDs) |
4.7.9. | What CGH brings to displays |
4.8. | Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS) |
4.8.1. | Introduction to spatial light modulator |
4.8.2. | Structure of LCOS devices |
4.8.3. | Reflective LCOS panel |
4.8.4. | LCOS SLM performance factors |
4.8.5. | Manufacturing Methods: LCoS |
4.8.6. | Planarization for LCOS |
4.8.7. | LCOS SLMs for HUD applications |
4.8.8. | Dynamic phase only holography |
4.8.9. | Advantages of phase-only holography |
4.8.10. | LCOS for automotive HUDs |
4.9. | Thin-Film Electroluminescent (TFEL) Displays |
4.9.1. | Thin-film electroluminescent (TFEL) displays |
4.9.2. | TFELs key benefits and drawbacks |
4.9.3. | Thin-film electroluminescent (TFEL) displays are niche compared to alternatives in automotive displays |
4.9.4. | How is TFEL competing in the display market |
5. | AUGMENTED REALITY HEAD-UP DISPLAY (AR-HUD) |
5.1. | Introduction to AR-HUD |
5.1.1. | What is an Augmented Reality heads-up display (AR-HUD)? |
5.1.2. | Major differentiations provided by AR-HUDs |
5.1.3. | Key benefits in AR-HUDs |
5.1.4. | HUD selling factors - Enhanced situational awareness |
5.1.5. | Why is greater immersion important in HUDs? |
5.1.6. | Challenges with traditional HUDs |
5.1.7. | Drawbacks in using AR-HUDs |
5.1.8. | AR-HUD sustainability implications |
5.1.9. | Comparison between traditional- and AR-HUDs |
5.2. | AR-HUD Key Players |
5.2.1. | Envisics bring CGH to HUDs |
5.2.2. | Envisics' HUD |
5.2.3. | WayRay using CGH |
5.2.4. | WayRay's offering |
5.2.5. | Ceres Holographics scaling thin-film HOEs and further enabling AR-HUDs |
5.2.6. | Continental paired with DigiLens |
5.2.7. | FUTURUS brings LFDs to AR-HUDs |
5.2.8. | Valeo's AR-HUD |
5.2.9. | Panasonic |
5.2.10. | Huawei AR HUD |
6. | COMBINERS |
6.1.1. | HUD types by display media |
6.2. | Dedicated Combiner |
6.2.1. | Combiner HUD - projecting images on a semi-reflective glass |
6.2.2. | Combiner HUDs offer limited immersion to the driving experience |
6.2.3. | Combiner glass or glass-like screen |
6.2.4. | Combiners anti-reflection coatings |
6.2.5. | Index-matching AR coating |
6.2.6. | Single-layer AR coating |
6.2.7. | Multi-layered AR coatings |
6.2.8. | Moth-eye AR coating |
6.2.9. | Conventional screens - Additional coatings and films |
6.2.10. | 3M's thin film solution protecting PGU and optical unit |
6.2.11. | Conventional combiner screens - going beyond anti-reflection coatings |
6.3. | Key Players of Dedicated Combiner HUD |
6.3.1. | Nippon Seiki - Reflecting LCD displays to a combiner glass |
6.3.2. | Valeo is emphasizing on compactivity and applicability to wide range of vehicle designs |
6.3.3. | Continental's product portfolio includes combiner HUDs - although they emphasize more on AR-HUDs |
6.3.4. | HUDWAY |
6.3.5. | HUDWAY Drive - New user-mountable combiner HUD |
6.3.6. | HUDWAY App - An effective way to pair your phone with the combiner unit |
6.3.7. | Visteon combiner HUDs |
6.3.8. | Unimax has also released a combiner HUD |
6.4. | Windshield Combiner |
6.4.1. | What is a windshield heads-up display (HUD)? |
6.4.2. | Windshield HUDs - Unique Selling Points |
6.4.3. | Windshield HUDs main drawbacks |
6.4.4. | Windshield HUDs - Optimizing the windshield and the relay optics |
6.5. | Windshield Glass |
6.5.1. | Windshield HUDs architecture |
6.5.2. | Windshield HUD coatings |
6.5.3. | Rugate coatings |
6.5.4. | Challenges in applying thin film coatings to windshields |
6.5.5. | Manufacturing and recycling the windshield glass |
6.5.6. | Optical clarity challenges for modern windshields |
6.5.7. | Re-enforcing windshield strength and durability |
6.5.8. | Windshield manufacturing process 1 |
6.5.9. | Windshield manufacturing process 2 |
6.5.10. | Windshield manufacturing process 3 |
6.5.11. | Windshield technology example: Corning Gorilla glass for vehicle exterior |
6.5.12. | Corning Fusion technology for exterior glass |
6.5.13. | Corning's Auto-Grade Gorilla Glass - For interior displays |
6.5.14. | Manufacturing and forming of Corning's auto-grade Gorilla glass - for interior automotive displays |
6.5.15. | Corning's ColdForm glass moulding technology |
6.5.16. | Saint-Gobain's Sekurit windshield is optimized for next-generation HUDs |
6.5.17. | 3M's windscreen combiner film |
6.6. | Key Players of Windshield HUD |
6.6.1. | Continental are invested in making windshield HUDs available |
6.6.2. | Continental's scenic view windshield HUD |
6.6.3. | Futurus has also released LCD-based windshield HUDs |
6.6.4. | FUTURUS windshield HUD specs |
6.6.5. | LG Display's windshield HUD solution |
6.6.6. | Lumineq is invested in windshield HUDs as well as other more niche automotive display applications |
6.6.7. | Lumineq's ICEBrite technology |
6.6.8. | Nippon Seiki's approach to windshield HUDs |
6.6.9. | Denso's windshield HUD |
7. | OPTICS IN HEAD-UP DISPLAYS |
7.1.1. | Post PGU optics |
7.2. | Post PGU Optics |
7.2.1. | Relay optics and imaging optics |
7.2.2. | Optical Aberrations |
7.2.3. | Experimental examples of optical aberrations |
7.2.4. | Spherical Aberrations |
7.2.5. | Comatic Aberrations |
7.2.6. | Astigmatism aberrations |
7.2.7. | Defocus aberrations |
7.2.8. | Use of Zernike polynomials to mitigate effect of aberrations |
7.2.9. | Types of optical distortions |
7.2.10. | Different designs of free space optics - using freeform mirrors for more compact HUD unit |
7.2.11. | Different designs of free space optics - use of cylindrical lens over freeform mirror |
7.2.12. | Corning is looking at optimizing the heads-up display mirrors |
7.3. | Holographic Optical Elements |
7.3.1. | Replacement of traditional mirrors for reduced package volume of a HUD |
7.3.2. | Holographic optical element (HOE) combiners |
7.3.3. | Printing HOEs within windshields to enable AR-HUDs |
7.3.4. | How are these HOEs scaled and implemented within windshields |
7.3.5. | Challenges with manufacturing windshields with HOEs |
7.4. | Waveguide |
7.4.1. | Waveguide technology |
7.4.2. | Refractive index for waveguide substrate materials |
7.4.3. | Waveguide substrate materials: glass vs polymers |
7.4.4. | Matching substrates with waveguide designs |
7.4.5. | Comparing glass suppliers for waveguide substrates |
7.4.6. | Common waveguide architectures - operating principle |
7.4.7. | Introduction: Diffractive waveguides |
7.4.8. | Diffractive waveguides: Method of operation |
7.4.9. | Surface relief grating waveguides |
7.4.10. | Holographic grating waveguides |
7.4.11. | Reflective waveguides |
7.4.12. | Exit pupil expansion in waveguides |
7.4.13. | Continental's demo |
7.4.14. | Modern optics pairing HOEs with waveguides |
8. | HEADS-UP DISPLAY SUSTAINABILITY IMPACT |
8.1. | Introduction to sustainability |
8.2. | Social impacts of HUDs |
8.3. | Economic impacts of HUDs |
8.4. | Environmental impact of HUDs |