1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Quantum dot mode of operation |
1.2. | Quantum dot material choices |
1.3. | QD material trends |
1.4. | Snapshot of readiness level of various QD applications |
1.5. | QD application roadmap |
1.6. | Illustrations of QDs applied in displays (QDEF, QDOG) |
1.7. | Illustrations of QDs applied in displays (QDCC, emissive) |
1.8. | Summary of QD adoption in displays |
1.9. | Summary of QD on edge solution |
1.10. | Summary of QDEF solution |
1.11. | Summary of XQDEF solution |
1.12. | Summary of QD-Mini-LED-BLU solution |
1.13. | Summary of Eyesafe QD solution |
1.14. | Summary of QD on Chip solution |
1.15. | Summary of QDCC solution for OLED displays |
1.16. | Summary of QDCC solution for micro-LED displays |
1.17. | Summary of QD emissive display solution |
1.18. | Strategies for high performed RGB EL-QLED: Materials |
1.19. | Strategies for high performed RGB EL-QLED: Device |
1.20. | Strategies for high performed RGB EL-QLED: Fabrication |
1.21. | Summary of QD for lighting application |
1.22. | Summary of QDs for Photovoltaics |
1.23. | CQD photodetector pros and cons |
1.24. | SWIR QD-on-CMOS imager application summary |
2. | MARKET FORECAST |
2.1. | 10-year global quantum material market forecasts in various applications by weight |
2.2. | 10-year global quantum material market forecasts in various applications by value |
2.3. | 10-year forecast of displays with QDs by volume |
2.4. | 10-year forecast of QDs in displays by area |
2.5. | 10-year forecast of change in QD technology in display sector |
2.6. | 10-year forecast of QD film market value in Display by value |
2.7. | QD loading estimated for display forecast in various formats |
2.8. | 10-year forecast of QD material in displays by weight |
2.9. | 10-year forecast of QD material in displays by value |
2.10. | 10-year forecast of QD-based photodetectors by volume |
2.11. | 10-year forecast of QD-based photodetectors by value |
2.12. | 10-year forecast of QD-based photodetectors by value (data table) |
2.13. | 10-year forecast of QD-based photodetectors for consumer electronics |
2.14. | QD-on-CMOS photodetector market application comparison |
2.15. | QDs for photodetector application |
3. | INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM DOTS |
3.1. | Introduction to quantum dots |
3.2. | Quantum dot structure |
3.3. | Quantum dot material options |
3.4. | Key material requirements |
3.5. | Introduction to RoHS |
3.6. | RoHS compliant QDs |
3.7. | Heavy-metal-free QD materials |
3.8. | Cd-based vs Cd-free QDs |
4. | QUANTUM DOT MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION |
4.1. | QDs optimization |
4.2. | Shell thickness adjustment |
4.3. | Alloying |
4.4. | Quantum dots: Improving conductivity via ligand exchange |
4.5. | Quantum dots: Improving conductivity via fusing |
4.6. | Other ways to increase PLQY by adjusting the dots |
4.7. | Metal halide perovskites: Comparison |
4.8. | Metal halide perovskites: Blue challenge |
5. | DISPLAYS: QD PHOTO-ENHANCED DISPLAYS |
5.1. | QD technology development roadmap for displays |
5.2. | Value propositions of QDs in displays |
5.3. | QD-based display types |
5.4. | Photoluminescence of quantum dots |
5.5. | First commercialization: Sony in 2013 |
5.6. | Color IQ™ from QD Vision |
5.7. | Summary of QD on edge solution |
5.8. | Introduction to QDEF |
5.9. | QDEF fabrication processes |
5.10. | QDEF's location in the display |
5.11. | QDEF for efficiency improvement |
5.12. | Protecting the dots |
5.13. | Summary of QDEF solution |
5.14. | Quantum Dot on Glass |
5.15. | Summary of QDOG solution |
5.16. | Introduction to xQDEF |
5.17. | Air-stable xQDEF film |
5.18. | QDEF cost trend and structure |
5.19. | Summary of XQDEF solution |
5.20. | QD layer for backlight units |
5.21. | QD for mini-LED backlight unit |
5.22. | Why QD for mini-LED BLU? |
5.23. | Summary of QD-Mini-LED-BLU solution |
5.24. | Introduction to Eyesafe QD |
5.25. | Summary of Eyesafe QD solution |
5.26. | Samsung QLED |
5.27. | LG's Nano Cell Display |
6. | COMPARISON WITH PHOSPHORS |
6.1. | Understand the color gamut |
6.2. | Understanding colour standards |
6.3. | FWHM and color gamut |
6.4. | Introduction to phosphors 1 |
6.5. | Introduction to phosphors 2 |
6.6. | Requirements for phosphors in LEDs |
6.7. | Replacing phosphors with quantum dots |
6.8. | Table of phosphor materials |
6.9. | Common and emerging red-emitting phosphors |
6.10. | Search for narrow FWHM red phosphors |
6.11. | Red phosphor options: TriGainTM from GE |
6.12. | Reliability of TriGain |
6.13. | Red phosphor options: Sr[LiAl3N4]:Eu2+ (SLA) red phosphor |
6.14. | Commercial progress of GE's narrowband red phosphor |
6.15. | Small sized PFS phosphor |
6.16. | Value propositions of red KSF |
6.17. | Evolution of KSF phosphors |
6.18. | GE alternative red phosphors in development |
6.19. | Thermal stability of common RGY phosphors |
6.20. | Narrow-band green phosphor |
6.21. | High performance organic phosphors |
6.22. | Toray's organic colour conversion film |
6.23. | Colour coverage of Toray's colour conversion films |
6.24. | Stability of Toray's colour conversion films |
6.25. | Response time feature of Toray's colour conversion films |
6.26. | Suppliers of phosphors |
6.27. | Phosphors and quantum dots |
6.28. | QDs vs. phosphors: Particle size |
6.29. | QDs vs. phosphors: Response time |
6.30. | QDs vs phosphors: Colour tunability |
6.31. | QDs vs phosphors: Stability |
6.32. | QDs vs phosphors: Absorption |
6.33. | QDs vs phosphors: FWHM |
6.34. | Summary: QDs vs phosphors |
6.35. | Phosphor and QD in harmony |
7. | DISPLAYS: QD PHOTO-EMISSIVE DISPLAYS |
7.1.1. | Photo-emissive QDs in displays |
7.1.2. | Using quantum dots as colour filter |
7.1.3. | Disadvantages and challenges of QD color filters |
7.1.4. | QDs depolarize light |
7.1.5. | Additional required components? |
7.1.6. | Trade-off between efficiency and leakage |
7.1.7. | Efficiency drop and red shift |
7.1.8. | Thickness of the QD layer for absorption |
7.1.9. | Emission tails overlap |
7.1.10. | High blue absorptive QD materials |
7.1.11. | QD on Chip |
7.1.12. | Summary of QD on Chip solution |
7.2. | QDs for OLED Displays |
7.2.1. | Emergence of QD-OLED displays |
7.2.2. | Introduction to QD-OLED displays |
7.2.3. | QD-OLED structure comparison |
7.2.4. | Conventional display vs. QD-OLED display |
7.2.5. | WOLED display vs QD-OLED display |
7.2.6. | Summary of LCD / WOLED vs QD-OLED displays |
7.2.7. | Samsung QD-OLED display |
7.2.8. | QD-OLED display supply chain |
7.2.9. | Summary of QDCC solution for OLED displays |
7.3. | QDs for Micro-LED Displays |
7.3.1. | Quantum dots used for micro-LED displays |
7.3.2. | QD converters for µLED displays |
7.3.3. | Basic requirements of QDs for micro-LED displays |
7.3.4. | Display structure with QDs |
7.3.5. | Taiwan Nanocrystals: Photo-patternable QDs for µLED displays 1 |
7.3.6. | Taiwan Nanocrystals: Photo-patternable QDs for µLED displays 2 |
7.3.7. | Taiwan Nanocrystals: Photo-patternable QDs for µLED displays 3 |
7.3.8. | Taiwan Nanocrystals: Photo-patternable QDs for µLED displays 4 |
7.3.9. | Taiwan Nanocrystals: Photo-patternable QDs for µLED displays 5 |
7.3.10. | Taiwan Nanocrystals: Photo-patternable QDs for µLED displays 6 |
7.3.11. | Plessey |
7.3.12. | Quantum wells |
7.3.13. | Summary of QDCC solution for micro-LED displays |
8. | DISPLAYS: ELECTRO-LUMINESCENT QUANTUM DOT LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAYS |
8.1. | Overview of EL-QLED Displays |
8.1.1. | Introduction to an EL-QLED Displays |
8.1.2. | Main advantages of QLED over OLED |
8.1.3. | Basic device structure |
8.1.4. | Working mechanism of QLED |
8.1.5. | QLED development |
8.1.6. | QLED records in literature |
8.1.7. | Device lifetime |
8.1.8. | Major challenges of emissive QD LEDs |
8.1.9. | Quenching mechanisms |
8.1.10. | Holy grail of blue QLED |
8.1.11. | Blue material challenges |
8.1.12. | Summary of QD emissive display solution |
8.1.13. | Charge transporting layers for EL-QLED |
8.1.14. | Band energy levels of some commonly used CTLs |
8.1.15. | HTL options |
8.1.16. | Hindering electron charge injection/transport |
8.2. | Case Studies of EL-QLED and Research Efforts |
8.2.1. | Sharp's contributions |
8.2.2. | BOE's efforts |
8.2.3. | Samsung's all ink-jet printed QLED display |
8.2.4. | Samsung: CdZnS/ZnS system |
8.2.5. | Samsung: Red QD-LED with customized shell thickness |
8.2.6. | Samsung: Device performance improvement by surface passivation |
8.2.7. | Nanosys: Colloidal Zn(Te,Se)/ZnS core/shell QDs |
8.2.8. | Nanosys: Cubic QDs with improved performance |
8.2.9. | Rapid progress of heavy-metal-free QDs |
8.2.10. | Other Case Studies of Research Efforts |
8.2.11. | CdZnS/ZnS system and ligand exchange |
8.2.12. | CdSe/ZnSe core/shell structure |
8.2.13. | Zn-Cu-Ga-S/ZnS QDs 1 |
8.2.14. | Zn-Cu-Ga-S/ZnS QDs 2 |
8.2.15. | ZnO‐MgO QDs in QLED |
8.2.16. | PMMA to reduce electron injection for blue QLED |
8.2.17. | Introducing TBS-PBO EBL |
8.2.18. | ZnO: CsN3 to reduce electron flow |
8.2.19. | PVP doping to reduce electron injection and transport |
8.2.20. | Al:Al2O3 electrode helps with electron injection |
8.2.21. | Control of post-annealing |
8.2.22. | Enhanced electron injection by LiF tunnelling layer |
8.2.23. | PEI to facilitate electron injection and reduce defects |
8.2.24. | Double-layer HTL can facilitate hole injection |
8.2.25. | Improve hole injection and electron confinement with DNA |
8.2.26. | Positive aging introduced by the use of acidic resin encapsulation |
8.2.27. | The use of asymmetrically modified ligands |
8.2.28. | Doping of charge transport layers |
8.2.29. | Single-layer gradient HTL |
9. | QUANTUM DOTS PRODUCT MANUFACTURING |
9.1.1. | Typical nuclei-based growth process |
9.1.2. | Example of a typical two-pot growth process for InP core-shell QDs |
9.1.3. | Basic approaches to synthesis: Continuous QD growth |
9.1.4. | QD display pixel patterning techniques |
9.2. | Transfer Printing |
9.2.1. | Transfer printing |
9.2.2. | Pros and cons of transfer printing |
9.2.3. | Transfer printing process |
9.2.4. | Intaglio transfer-printing 1 |
9.2.5. | Intaglio transfer-printing 2 |
9.2.6. | Immersion transfer printing |
9.2.7. | Transfer of multi-layers |
9.3. | Ink-Jet Printing |
9.3.1. | Introduction to ink-jet printing (IJP) |
9.3.2. | Ink formation |
9.3.3. | Curing methods |
9.3.4. | Pros and cons of ink-jet printing |
9.3.5. | Ink-jet printed QD colour converters |
9.3.6. | DIC's work |
9.3.7. | Performance of IJP QDCC |
9.3.8. | Inkjet-printed QD |
9.3.9. | Inkjet-printed QD (continued) |
9.3.10. | South China University of Technology 1 |
9.3.11. | South China University of Technology 2 |
9.3.12. | Seoul National University |
9.4. | Photolithography |
9.4.1. | Photolithography |
9.4.2. | Pros and cons of photolithography |
9.4.3. | Patterning challenges |
9.4.4. | QD photoresist fabrication |
9.4.5. | Photoresist approach |
9.4.6. | QD photoresist |
9.4.7. | Successive patterning of red and green QD of various sizes |
9.4.8. | QD performance by photolithography |
9.4.9. | Photolithography of color conversion layers |
9.4.10. | Southern University of Science and Technology 1 |
9.4.11. | Southern University of Science and Technology 2 |
9.5. | Other Techniques |
9.5.1. | Electrohydrodynamic jet printing 1 |
9.5.2. | Electrohydrodynamic jet printing 2 |
9.5.3. | Electrohydrodynamic jet spray |
9.5.4. | Full-colour emission of quantum-dot-based micro-LED display by aerosol jet technology |
9.5.5. | Fraunhofer IAP'S ESJET printing |
10. | QDS FOR LIGHTING |
10.1. | The first commercial Quantum Dot-LED lamp line |
10.2. | Quantum dots for lighting |
10.3. | Necessity for narrow down-converters |
10.4. | Tune the quality of white lighting |
10.5. | Color converters for LED chips |
10.6. | Remote QDs for warm colors of lighting |
10.7. | On-chip QD integration: Different LED types and performance requirements |
10.8. | On-chip QD-LED by LumiLEDs |
10.9. | Drop-in solution for high-CRI high-efficiency LED lighting |
10.10. | Efforts on QD materials for lighting |
10.11. | Processes of QD drop-in solution for LED lighting |
10.12. | Flowchart of PLT's QD drop-in solution |
10.13. | Cd-based QD stability for lighting application |
10.14. | QDs in horticulture lighting |
10.15. | Summary of QD for lighting application |
11. | QDS FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS |
11.1. | Classifications of PV technologies |
11.2. | Best efficiencies of research solar cell |
11.3. | QD PV efficiency records |
11.4. | Solar PV technology status |
11.5. | Summary of QDs for Photovoltaics |
12. | QD PHOTODETECTORS |
12.1. | Introduction |
12.1.1. | Introduction to photodetectors |
12.1.2. | Working principle of an image sensor |
12.1.3. | Sensor architectures: Front and backside illumination |
12.1.4. | Key components of an image sensor |
12.1.5. | Electromagnetic spectrum |
12.1.6. | Short-wave infrared spectrum |
12.2. | SWIR Sensing |
12.2.1. | Value propositions of SWIR imaging |
12.2.2. | Introduction to SWIR detection technologies |
12.2.3. | Material choices for infrared sensors |
12.2.4. | InGaAs for incumbent image sensors |
12.2.5. | Issue with current infrared image sensors |
12.2.6. | Technology comparison of various image sensor technologies |
12.3. | Hybrid QD-on-CMOS Image Sensor |
12.3.1. | CQD photodetector pros and cons |
12.3.2. | Quantum dots: Absorption dependence |
12.3.3. | Quantum dots: PbS |
12.3.4. | Types of commercial QD sensor arrays |
12.3.5. | Hybrid QD-on-CMOS image sensor architecture |
12.3.6. | QD-on-CMOS pixelation |
12.3.7. | Manufacturing of QD-on-CMOS |
12.3.8. | QD-on-CMOS fabrication processes |
12.3.9. | Solution processing techniques |
12.3.10. | QD-on-CMOS: From solution to photodiode |
12.3.11. | Business model for producing QD-on-CMOS sensors |
12.3.12. | Pixel pitch evolution |
12.3.13. | Alternative QDs |
12.3.14. | Value propositions of QD-on-Si imager |
12.3.15. | Other ongoing challenges for QD-on-CMOS sensors |
12.3.16. | Evolution of the development focuses |
12.4. | Case Studies of Hybrid QD-on-CMOS Image Sensors |
12.4.1. | Early efforts from RTI International |
12.4.2. | SWIR Vision Systems' 2-layer QD system |
12.4.3. | SWIR Vision Systems' CQD photodetectors |
12.4.4. | Emberion's VS20 VIS-SWIR camera |
12.4.5. | Emberion's QD-graphene SWIR photoconductor |
12.4.6. | ST Microelectronic's QD image sensor technology |
12.4.7. | ST Microelectronic's QD image sensor technology (continued) |
12.4.8. | ICFO's graphene/QD image sensor |
12.4.9. | Wide spectrum image sensor enabled by Qurv Technologies |
12.4.10. | Imec's TFPD image sensor |
12.4.11. | IMEC outline QD-on-CMOS architecture roadmap |
12.4.12. | Pixel engine improvement to increase SNR |
12.4.13. | Specs of existing QD-on-CMOS image sensors |
12.5. | Potential Applications for QD-on-Si SWIR Detection |
12.5.1. | Applications for QD-on-CMOS image sensors |
12.5.2. | SWIR imaging for silicon wafer inspection |
12.5.3. | SWIR imaging for water content identifying |
12.5.4. | SWIR imaging for ADAS and autonomous vehicles |
12.5.5. | SWIR imaging for road condition sensing |
12.5.6. | SWIR imaging for foreign material detection |
12.5.7. | SWIR detection to identify different materials |
12.5.8. | SWIR detection for plastic sorting |
12.5.9. | SWIR imaging for counterfeit detection |
12.5.10. | SWIR imaging for temperature difference measurement |
12.5.11. | SWIR for live animal imaging |
12.5.12. | SWIR imaging for laser profiling and tracking |
12.5.13. | Laser profiling and tracking in medical application |
12.5.14. | Laser profiling and tracking in military and security application |
12.5.15. | SWIR detection for wearable applications |
12.5.16. | Battery inspection using SWIR imaging |
12.5.17. | SWIR QD-on-CMOS imager application summary |
12.6. | Visible light |
12.6.1. | QD-Si hybrid image sensors: Increased sensitivity and reduced thickness |
12.6.2. | TFPD vs Si PD |
12.6.3. | QD-Si hybrid image sensors: Enabling high resolution global shutter |
12.6.4. | Global shutter image sensor comparison |
12.7. | UV Imaging |
12.7.1. | Motivation |
12.7.2. | QD can improve sensitivity in the UV region |
12.7.3. | Integration with the image sensors |
12.7.4. | Perovskite QDs for UV sensors |
12.7.5. | QD-on-CMOS for UV imaging is emerging |
12.7.6. | Potential applications |
13. | BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS |
13.1. | Quantum dots as fluorescent tags |
13.2. | Advantages of QDs over organic dyes |
13.3. | Nanowire field effect transistor |
13.4. | Quantum dots as an alternative to fluorescent labels |
13.5. | Major milestones in academic research for QD |
13.6. | QDs for enzyme biosensing |
13.7. | Commercial biosensor with quantum dots |
14. | OTHER APPLICATIONS |
14.1. | Hydrogen production |
14.2. | Visible light photocatalysis |
14.3. | Sunscreen |
14.4. | Electrically pumped colloidal quantum dot lasing |