1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Hydrogen economy and its key components |
1.1.1. | Hydrogen economy development needs (1/2) |
1.1.2. | Hydrogen economy development needs (2/2) |
1.1.3. | The future hydrogen value chain |
1.1.4. | Hydrogen production: green, blue & turquoise |
1.1.5. | National hydrogen strategies |
1.1.6. | The colors of hydrogen |
1.1.7. | Removing CO2 emissions from hydrogen production |
1.1.8. | Electrolyzer systems overview |
1.1.9. | Pros and cons of electrolyzer technologies |
1.1.10. | The focus on PEM electrolyzers |
1.1.11. | The push towards gigafactories |
1.1.12. | Global electrolyzer players |
1.1.13. | Important competing factors for the green H2 market |
1.1.14. | The challenges in green hydrogen production |
1.1.15. | The case for blue hydrogen production |
1.1.16. | Blue hydrogen production - general overview |
1.1.17. | Main blue hydrogen technologies |
1.1.18. | Turquoise hydrogen from methane pyrolysis |
1.1.19. | Blue hydrogen production value chain |
1.1.20. | Value chain example: ATR + CCUS |
1.1.21. | Leading blue hydrogen companies |
1.1.22. | Blue H2 process comparison summary & key takeaways |
1.1.23. | Hydrogen production processes by stage of development |
1.1.24. | Hydrogen storage & distribution |
1.1.25. | Overview of hydrogen storage & distribution |
1.1.26. | Problems with compressed & cryogenic storage & distribution |
1.1.27. | H2 storage & distribution technical comparison |
1.1.28. | Storage technology pros & cons comparison |
1.1.29. | Distribution technology pros & cons comparison |
1.1.30. | Storage technology comparison |
1.1.31. | Distribution technology comparison |
1.1.32. | Hydrogen storage methods by stage of development |
1.1.33. | Hydrogen distribution methods by stage of development |
1.1.34. | Storage cost comparison summary |
1.1.35. | Distribution cost comparison |
1.1.36. | Key takeaways from hydrogen storage & distribution |
1.1.37. | Fuel cells |
1.1.38. | Introduction to fuel cells |
1.1.39. | Overview of fuel cell technologies |
1.1.40. | Comparison of fuel cell technologies |
1.1.41. | Fuel cells company landscape |
1.2. | Hydrogen end-use sectors |
1.2.1. | Hydrogen end-use sectors |
1.2.2. | Drivers for improving hydrogen cost-competitiveness |
1.2.3. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in refining |
1.2.4. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in low-carbon ammonia production |
1.2.5. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in low-carbon methanol production |
1.2.6. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in alternative fuel production |
1.2.7. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in sustainable steelmaking |
1.2.8. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in power & heat generation |
1.2.9. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in FCEVs |
1.2.10. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in the maritime sector |
1.2.11. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in rail transport |
1.2.12. | Key takeaways from hydrogen aviation |
1.3. | IDTechEx's outlook on the hydrogen economy |
1.3.1. | Hydrogen demand forecast |
1.3.2. | Hydrogen production forecast |
1.3.3. | Hydrogen market forecast (1/2) |
1.3.4. | Hydrogen market forecast (2/2) |
1.3.5. | IDTechEx's outlook on low-carbon hydrogen |
2. | INTRODUCTION TO THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY |
2.1. | The need for unprecedented CO2 emission reductions |
2.2. | Hydrogen is gaining momentum |
2.3. | Hydrogen economy and its key components |
2.4. | Production: the colors of hydrogen (1/2) |
2.5. | Production: the colors of hydrogen (2/2) |
2.6. | Storage & distribution |
2.7. | End-use: which sectors could hydrogen decarbonize? (1/2) |
2.8. | End-use: which sectors could hydrogen decarbonize? (2/2) |
2.9. | Hydrogen economy development needs (1/2) |
2.10. | Hydrogen economy development needs (2/2) |
3. | GLOBAL HYDROGEN POLICIES |
3.1. | Overview |
3.1.1. | 2021-2022 Geopolitics |
3.1.2. | National hydrogen strategies (1/2) |
3.1.3. | National hydrogen strategies (2/2) |
3.1.4. | Policy developments (1/3) |
3.1.5. | Policy developments (2/3) |
3.1.6. | Policy developments (3/3) |
3.1.7. | Global policy impacts |
3.1.8. | European Union (EU) hydrogen strategy |
3.1.9. | EU's hydrogen strategy |
3.1.10. | EU's hydrogen strategy - focuses & key actions |
3.1.11. | EU's hydrogen strategy - investments |
3.1.12. | REPowerEU, ES Joint Declaration & RED revision |
3.1.13. | Clean Hydrogen Partnership |
3.1.14. | National strategies vs EU strategy |
3.1.15. | National strategy example - Netherlands |
3.2. | USA hydrogen strategy |
3.2.1. | US' hydrogen strategy |
3.2.2. | Tax credit changes in the US IRA fostering blue hydrogen |
3.2.3. | The impact of IRA tax credits on the cost of hydrogen |
3.3. | UK hydrogen strategy |
3.3.1. | UK's hydrogen strategy |
3.3.2. | The UK's CCUS clusters for blue hydrogen |
3.3.3. | UK's CCUS clusters: East Coast Cluster |
3.3.4. | UK's CCUS clusters: HyNet North West Cluster |
3.4. | Other countries' hydrogen strategies |
3.4.1. | Canada's hydrogen strategy |
3.4.2. | China's hydrogen strategy |
3.4.3. | Japan's hydrogen strategy |
3.4.4. | South Korea's hydrogen strategy |
3.5. | Hydrogen certification |
3.5.1. | Why is hydrogen certification needed? |
3.5.2. | Elements for a successful certification scheme |
3.5.3. | Emissions system boundaries for blue & green H2 |
3.5.4. | Landscape of hydrogen certification schemes (1/2) |
3.5.5. | Landscape of hydrogen certification schemes (2/2) |
3.5.6. | Voluntary certification standards |
3.5.7. | Mandatory certification standards |
3.5.8. | The potential role of carbon pricing in the hydrogen economy |
4. | LOW-CARBON HYDROGEN PRODUCTION |
4.1. | Overview |
4.1.1. | State of the hydrogen industry |
4.1.2. | The colors of hydrogen |
4.1.3. | The colors of hydrogen |
4.1.4. | Traditional hydrogen production |
4.1.5. | Removing CO2 emissions from hydrogen production |
4.1.6. | Hydrogen production processes by stage of development |
4.1.7. | Recent development in the hydrogen market |
4.2. | Green hydrogen |
4.2.1. | What is green hydrogen? |
4.2.2. | Types of water electrolyzer |
4.2.3. | Electrolyzer systems overview |
4.2.4. | Typical green hydrogen plant layout |
4.2.5. | Alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) |
4.2.6. | AWE system design example |
4.2.7. | Anion exchange membrane electrolyzer (AEMEL) |
4.2.8. | Proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL) |
4.2.9. | PEMEL system design example |
4.2.10. | The focus on PEM electrolyzers |
4.2.11. | Plug-and-play & customizable PEMEL systems |
4.2.12. | AWE is still a popular technology |
4.2.13. | Battolyser - battery & electrolyzer system |
4.2.14. | Solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEL) |
4.2.15. | SOEL systems: a substitute for AWE? |
4.2.16. | SOEC system design example |
4.2.17. | Electrolyzer degradation |
4.2.18. | Considerations for choosing electrolyzer technology |
4.2.19. | Pros and cons of electrolyzer technologies |
4.2.20. | Electrolyzer improvements |
4.2.21. | Electrolyzer market overview |
4.2.22. | Electrolyzer overview |
4.2.23. | Global electrolyzer players |
4.2.24. | Electrolyzer vendors by region |
4.2.25. | Market addressed by EL manufacturer |
4.2.26. | The push towards gigafactories |
4.2.27. | Electrolyzer suppliers partnering with project developers |
4.2.28. | Other projects discussed at WHS 2023 |
4.2.29. | Future trend of the electrolyzer market |
4.2.30. | Important competing factors for the green H2 market |
4.2.31. | Drivers and restraints for green hydrogen |
4.2.32. | The challenges in green hydrogen production |
4.3. | Blue & turquoise hydrogen |
4.3.1. | The case for blue hydrogen production |
4.3.2. | Key drivers for blue hydrogen development |
4.3.3. | Blue hydrogen supply chain |
4.3.4. | Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) |
4.3.5. | Blue hydrogen production - general overview |
4.3.6. | Main blue hydrogen technologies |
4.3.7. | Overview of production methods covered |
4.3.8. | Autothermal reforming (ATR) - a promising blue H2 technology |
4.3.9. | Autothermal reforming (ATR) - a promising blue H2 technology |
4.3.10. | Turquoise hydrogen from methane pyrolysis |
4.3.11. | Methane pyrolysis variations |
4.3.12. | Pre- vs post-combustion CO2 capture for blue hydrogen |
4.3.13. | Carbon capture technologies |
4.3.14. | Key considerations in designing blue hydrogen processes |
4.3.15. | Novel processes for blue hydrogen production |
4.3.16. | Pros & cons of production technologies (1/3) |
4.3.17. | Pros & cons of production technologies (2/3) |
4.3.18. | Pros & cons of production technologies (3/3) |
4.3.19. | Blue H2 process comparison summary & key takeaways |
4.3.20. | Blue hydrogen production value chain |
4.3.21. | SMR + CCUS value chain |
4.3.22. | POX + CCUS value chain |
4.3.23. | ATR + CCUS value chain |
4.3.24. | Methane pyrolysis activities around the world |
4.3.25. | CCUS company landscape |
4.3.26. | The UK will be a leading blue hydrogen hub |
4.3.27. | Leading blue hydrogen companies |
4.3.28. | Potential business model for blue hydrogen projects |
4.3.29. | Is blue hydrogen production innovative? |
4.3.30. | Key innovations in blue hydrogen technology (1/2) |
4.3.31. | Key innovations in blue hydrogen technology (2/2) |
4.3.32. | Innovation example - more compact units |
4.3.33. | Technological challenges & opportunities for innovation |
4.3.34. | Potential key challenges with blue hydrogen |
4.3.35. | CCUS technological challenges & opportunities for innovation |
5. | HYDROGEN STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION |
5.1. | Overview |
5.1.1. | Motivation for hydrogen storage & distribution |
5.1.2. | Energy density of hydrogen |
5.1.3. | Problems with compressed & cryogenic storage & distribution |
5.1.4. | Need for alternative storage & distribution |
5.1.5. | Motivation & challenges with pipeline transmission |
5.1.6. | Overview of storage methods |
5.1.7. | Overview of distribution methods |
5.1.8. | Key takeaways from hydrogen storage & distribution |
5.2. | Comparison of hydrogen storage & distribution methods |
5.2.1. | H2 storage & distribution technical comparison (1/2) |
5.2.2. | H2 storage & distribution technical comparison (2/2) |
5.2.3. | Storage technology pros & cons comparison |
5.2.4. | Distribution technology pros & cons comparison |
5.2.5. | Storage technology comparison |
5.2.6. | Distribution technology comparison |
5.2.7. | Hydrogen storage methods by stage of development |
5.2.8. | Hydrogen distribution methods by stage of development |
5.2.9. | Storage cost comparison for stationary storage |
5.2.10. | Storage cost comparison summary |
5.2.11. | Distribution cost comparison |
5.3. | Compressed gas storage & distribution |
5.3.1. | Key takeaways from compressed hydrogen storage |
5.3.2. | Compressed hydrogen storage |
5.3.3. | Compressed storage vessel classification |
5.3.4. | Reduction in compressed cylinder weight |
5.3.5. | Stationary storage systems |
5.3.6. | Compressed tube trailers |
5.3.7. | FCEV onboard hydrogen tanks |
5.3.8. | Type V hydrogen storage |
5.3.9. | Balance of plant (BOP) components |
5.3.10. | Hydrogen compression equipment |
5.3.11. | Bulk storage & distribution system suppliers |
5.3.12. | Onboard FCEV tank suppliers |
5.3.13. | Stationary & onboard FCEV storage suppliers |
5.4. | Hydrogen liquefaction, LH2 storage & distribution |
5.4.1. | Key takeaways for H2 liquefaction, LH2 storage & distribution |
5.4.2. | Liquid hydrogen (LH2) |
5.4.3. | Ortho-para conversion (OPC) |
5.4.4. | Types of hydrogen liquefaction cycles & refrigerants |
5.4.5. | Hydrogen liquefaction - helium Brayton cycle |
5.4.6. | Hydrogen liquefaction - hydrogen Claude cycle |
5.4.7. | State-of-the-art liquefaction plants |
5.4.8. | Cost of LH2 production |
5.4.9. | Improving hydrogen liquefaction |
5.4.10. | Commercial liquefaction units |
5.4.11. | LH2 storage tanks |
5.4.12. | Spherical LH2 storage vessels |
5.4.13. | LH2 tanks for onboard FCEV storage |
5.4.14. | Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage (CcH2) |
5.4.15. | BMW'S Cryo-compressed storage tank |
5.4.16. | LH2 transport trailers |
5.4.17. | Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain (HESC) - Australia & Japan |
5.4.18. | Liquefied hydrogen tanker |
5.4.19. | LH2 loading, receiving & bunkering facilities |
5.4.20. | Components needed for loading/unloading of LH2 |
5.4.21. | Challenges with LH2 transport |
5.4.22. | Hydrogen liquefaction plant suppliers |
5.4.23. | Cryogenic hydrogen storage suppliers |
5.4.24. | Hydrogen liquefaction, LH2 storage & distribution SWOT |
5.5. | Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) |
5.5.1. | Key takeaways for underground hydrogen storage |
5.5.2. | Introduction to underground hydrogen storage |
5.5.3. | Salt caverns |
5.5.4. | Salt cavern formation by solution mining |
5.5.5. | Porous rock formations |
5.5.6. | Porous rock formations - oil & gas fields |
5.5.7. | Porous rock formations - aquifers |
5.5.8. | Lined rock caverns for H2, NH3 & LOHC storage |
5.5.9. | UHS mechanism & key storage parameters |
5.5.10. | Storage mechanism & surface facilities for UHS |
5.5.11. | Major cost components of UHS |
5.5.12. | Potential use cases for UHS |
5.5.13. | Pros & cons of salt cavern storage |
5.5.14. | Pros & cons of depleted oil & gas fields |
5.5.15. | Pros & cons of aquifers |
5.5.16. | Pros & cons of line rock caverns (LRCs) |
5.5.17. | Current sites used for UHS |
5.5.18. | Salt cavern project examples |
5.5.19. | Commercial project example: H2CAST Etzel |
5.5.20. | Porous rock & LRC projects |
5.5.21. | Company landscape for UHS |
5.5.22. | Comparison of UHS methods |
5.5.23. | Underground hydrogen storage SWOT analysis |
5.6. | Solid-state storage: hydrides |
5.6.1. | Summary of solid-state hydrogen storage |
5.6.2. | Introduction to solid-state hydrogen storage |
5.6.3. | Hydrides for hydrogen storage |
5.6.4. | Hydride classification |
5.6.5. | Thermodynamic & kinetic considerations for metal hydrides |
5.6.6. | The need for room temperature alloys |
5.6.7. | Common room temperature alloy types & examples |
5.6.8. | Complex hydrides (1/2) |
5.6.9. | Complex hydrides (2/2) |
5.6.10. | Complex hydride case study - Electriq Global |
5.6.11. | Comparison of hydride materials |
5.6.12. | Typical metal hydride absorption/desorption cycle |
5.6.13. | Integration of metal hydrides into storage tanks |
5.6.14. | Metal hydride storage system design |
5.6.15. | Commercial system case study: GKN Hydrogen |
5.6.16. | Potential hydrogen storage applications for metal hydrides |
5.6.17. | Key players in hydride storage systems |
5.6.18. | Company landscape for hydrides |
5.7. | Solid-state storage: novel materials & methods |
5.7.1. | Storage by reduction of iron oxide - AMBARtec case study |
5.7.2. | Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) |
5.7.3. | Zeolites |
5.7.4. | Other novel materials |
5.8. | Hydrogen carriers: ammonia, methanol & LOHC |
5.8.1. | Summary of hydrogen carriers |
5.8.2. | Introduction to hydrogen carriers |
5.8.3. | Methanol as a hydrogen carrier |
5.8.4. | Supply chain using ammonia |
5.8.5. | Supply chain considerations for ammonia |
5.8.6. | Options for green & blue NH3 production |
5.8.7. | Ammonia cracking - a key missing component |
5.8.8. | Membranes in ammonia cracking |
5.8.9. | Japan's ammonia supply chain initiatives |
5.8.10. | Energy efficiency concerns for ammonia |
5.8.11. | NH3 supply chain efforts |
5.8.12. | Supply chain using LOHCs |
5.8.13. | Supply chain considerations for LOHCs |
5.8.14. | Critical considerations in developing LOHC systems |
5.8.15. | Examples of LOHC systems |
5.8.16. | SPERA Hydrogen - Chiyoda's LOHC project |
5.8.17. | Direct MCH synthesis - ENEOS Corporation |
5.8.18. | LOHC supply chain efforts |
5.8.19. | Comparison of hydrogen carrier properties |
5.8.20. | Comparison of hydrogen carriers to LH2 |
5.8.21. | Pros & cons of hydrogen carriers |
5.8.22. | Cost comparison of hydrogen carriers |
5.9. | Hydrogen pipeline transmission, blending & deblending |
5.9.1. | Hydrogen pipelines summary |
5.9.2. | Introduction to hydrogen pipelines |
5.9.3. | Current state of hydrogen pipelines |
5.9.4. | Hydrogen pipeline infrastructure |
5.9.5. | Blending of H2 into natural gas - HENG (1/2) |
5.9.6. | Blending of H2 into natural gas - HENG (2/2) |
5.9.7. | Hydrogen gas blending system |
5.9.8. | Hydrogen deblending from HENG (1/3) |
5.9.9. | Hydrogen deblending from HENG (2/3) |
5.9.10. | Hydrogen deblending from HENG (3/3) |
5.9.11. | Deblending: Linde Engineering & Evonik |
5.9.12. | Emerging membranes for deblending |
5.9.13. | Pros & cons of HENG |
5.9.14. | Alloys for hydrogen pipelines & components |
5.9.15. | Composite hydrogen pipelines |
5.9.16. | Hydrogen pipeline construction |
5.9.17. | Above ground installations for H2 pipelines |
5.9.18. | Hydrogen compression stations (1/2) |
5.9.19. | Hydrogen compression stations (2/2) |
5.9.20. | Challenges in repurposing natural gas pipelines |
5.9.21. | Pressure considerations in H2 pipelines |
5.9.22. | Estimated cost of new hydrogen pipelines |
5.9.23. | European Hydrogen Backbone (EHB) |
5.9.24. | H2 pipeline & blending activities |
5.9.25. | Case study project: HyNet North West Hydrogen Pipeline |
5.9.26. | Company landscape for pipelines |
5.9.27. | Hydrogen pipelines SWOT analysis |
5.10. | Materials for hydrogen storage & distribution vessels |
5.10.1. | Types of hydrogen embrittlement |
5.10.2. | Hydrogen embrittlement & mechanisms |
5.10.3. | Factors influenced H2 embrittlement |
5.10.4. | Effect of impurities on H2 embrittlement |
5.10.5. | Hydrogen embrittlement & compatible metal alloys |
5.10.6. | Alloys for hydrogen pipelines & components |
5.10.7. | Composite hydrogen pipelines |
5.10.8. | Standards for pressure vessels |
5.10.9. | Material & manufacturing considerations for pressure vessels |
5.10.10. | Liner materials for Type III & IV vessels |
5.10.11. | Fiber materials for Type III & IV vessels |
5.10.12. | Materials for cryogenic vessels |
5.10.13. | Composite cryogenic vessels |
6. | HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS |
6.1. | Introduction to fuel cells |
6.1.1. | Overview of fuel cell technologies |
6.1.2. | Comparison of fuel cell technologies |
6.1.3. | Fuel cells company landscape |
6.2. | PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs) |
6.2.1. | What is a PEM fuel cell? |
6.2.2. | Major components for PEM fuel cells |
6.2.3. | PEMFC assembly and materials |
6.2.4. | Membrane assembly terminology |
6.2.5. | High temperature PEMFC (1/2) |
6.2.6. | High temperature PEMFC (2/2) |
6.2.7. | Transport applications for fuel cells |
6.2.8. | PEMFC market players |
6.2.9. | Applications for fuel cells and major players |
6.2.10. | BPP: Purpose and form factor |
6.2.11. | Materials for BPPs: Graphite vs metal |
6.2.12. | GDL: Purpose and form factor |
6.2.13. | Membrane: Purpose and form factor |
6.2.14. | Water management in the FC |
6.2.15. | Market leaders for membrane materials |
6.2.16. | Catalyst: Purpose and form factor |
6.2.17. | Trends for fuel cell catalysts |
6.2.18. | Balance-of-plant for PEM fuel cells |
6.2.19. | Fuel cells within the FCEV market |
6.2.20. | Hydrogen composition for PEMFCs |
6.3. | Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) |
6.3.1. | SOFC working principle |
6.3.2. | SOFC assembly and materials |
6.3.3. | Electrolyte |
6.3.4. | Anode |
6.3.5. | Cathode |
6.3.6. | Interconnect for planar SOFCs |
6.3.7. | Tubular SOFC |
6.3.8. | Polarization losses |
6.3.9. | SOFC variations |
6.3.10. | Fuel choices for SOFCs |
6.3.11. | Why now? |
6.3.12. | Overview of key players |
6.3.13. | Main applications for SOFCs |
6.4. | Alternative fuel cell technologies & comparison |
6.4.1. | Alternative fuel cell technologies |
6.4.2. | Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) |
6.4.3. | AFC electrolyte (1/2) |
6.4.4. | AFC electrolyte (2/2) |
6.4.5. | Comparison of AFC technologies |
6.4.6. | AFC electrodes |
6.4.7. | Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) |
6.4.8. | DMFC drawbacks (1/3) |
6.4.9. | DMFC drawbacks (2/3) |
6.4.10. | DMFC drawbacks (3/3) |
6.4.11. | Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) |
6.4.12. | PAFC electrolyte |
6.4.13. | PAFC electrodes & catalyst |
6.4.14. | PAFC stack |
6.4.15. | PAFC cooling system |
6.4.16. | PAFC cell performance |
6.4.17. | Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) |
6.4.18. | MCFCs can use syngas |
6.4.19. | Fuel reforming in MCFCs |
6.4.20. | MCFC electrolyte |
6.4.21. | MCFC anode |
6.4.22. | MCFC cathode |
6.4.23. | MCFC components |
7. | END-USE SECTORS FOR HYDROGEN |
7.1. | Overview |
7.1.1. | Which sectors could hydrogen decarbonize? |
7.1.2. | Power-to-X (P2X) |
7.1.3. | Where can low-carbon hydrogen be used? |
7.1.4. | Current & emerging applications for hydrogen |
7.1.5. | Which applications are the most competitive? (1/2) |
7.1.6. | Which applications are the most competitive? (2/2) |
7.1.7. | Drivers for improving hydrogen cost-competitiveness |
7.1.8. | Conventional H2 applications |
7.2. | Decarbonizing conventional hydrogen applications: refining |
7.2.1. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in refining |
7.2.2. | Hydrogen uses in petrochemical refining (1/2) |
7.2.3. | Hydrogen uses in petrochemical refining (2/2) |
7.2.4. | How do refineries source hydrogen? |
7.2.5. | Current consumption in the refining sector |
7.2.6. | Where can low-carbon H2 integrate into refining? |
7.2.7. | Drivers for H2 capacity growth in refining |
7.2.8. | Combustion of fossil fuels in a refinery |
7.2.9. | Essar's hydrogen-fired furnace |
7.2.10. | REFHYNE project - green H2 in refining (1/2) |
7.2.11. | REFHYNE project - green H2 in refining (2/2) |
7.2.12. | Company landscape for H2 use in refining |
7.3. | Decarbonizing conventional hydrogen applications: ammonia production |
7.3.1. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in low-carbon ammonia production |
7.3.2. | Current state of the ammonia market |
7.3.3. | The future of the ammonia market |
7.3.4. | Ammonia production - Haber-Bosch process |
7.3.5. | Options for green & blue NH3 production |
7.3.6. | New green ammonia plant designs |
7.3.7. | Direct NH3 production by N2 electrolysis |
7.3.8. | Cost competitiveness of blue & green NH3 |
7.3.9. | Pros & cons of NH3 plant decarbonization options |
7.3.10. | Drivers for H2 capacity growth in ammonia |
7.3.11. | Commercial efforts in low-carbon ammonia |
7.3.12. | Horisont Energi - blue & green NH3 projects |
7.3.13. | Company landscape for H2 use in ammonia |
7.4. | Decarbonizing conventional hydrogen applications: methanol production |
7.4.1. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in low-carbon methanol production |
7.4.2. | Current state of the methanol market |
7.4.3. | Future methanol applications |
7.4.4. | Traditional methanol production |
7.4.5. | Options for blue & green MeOH production |
7.4.6. | Improved methanol process - Topsoe |
7.4.7. | E-methanol production options (1/2) |
7.4.8. | E-methanol production options (2/2) |
7.4.9. | The need for optimized e-methanol catalysts |
7.4.10. | Bio-methanol production |
7.4.11. | Cost parity is a challenge for e-methanol |
7.4.12. | Pros & cons of main MeOH plant decarbonization options |
7.4.13. | Drivers for H2 capacity growth in MeOH |
7.4.14. | Commercial low-carbon methanol efforts |
7.5. | Alternative fuel production |
7.5.1. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in alternative fuel production |
7.5.2. | Alternative fuels scope |
7.5.3. | Biofuel generations |
7.5.4. | Biofuel technology overview |
7.5.5. | Role of hydrogen in synthetic fuel & chemical production |
7.5.6. | 2nd generation biofuel production processes |
7.5.7. | Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) |
7.5.8. | E-fuels |
7.5.9. | E-fuel production pathway overview |
7.5.10. | Routes to e-fuel production |
7.5.11. | Applications for e-fuels |
7.5.12. | Non-fossil alternative fuel development stages |
7.5.13. | Comparing alternative fuels |
7.5.14. | Comparing alternative fuels - SWOT |
7.5.15. | E-fuel players |
7.5.16. | Biofuel supply chain |
7.5.17. | E-fuel supply chain |
7.5.18. | Renewable diesel player map |
7.6. | Sustainable steel production using hydrogen |
7.6.1. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in sustainable steelmaking |
7.6.2. | Introduction to sustainable steel production |
7.6.3. | Current steelmaking landscape (1/2) |
7.6.4. | Current steelmaking landscape (2/2) |
7.6.5. | Steelmaking process options |
7.6.6. | The most common routes to steelmaking |
7.6.7. | Traditional BF-BOF process |
7.6.8. | DRI-EAF process |
7.6.9. | Production, energy use & CO2 emissions by process |
7.6.10. | Scrap-EAF process & the need for net-zero DRI-EAF |
7.6.11. | Decarbonized process options |
7.6.12. | Opportunities for integration of H2 technologies into steelmaking |
7.6.13. | Circored - fluidized bed H2-DRI process |
7.6.14. | H2-DRI-EAF using green H2 |
7.6.15. | The need for carbon & lime in the EAF |
7.6.16. | Potential major challenges for H2-DRI-EAF |
7.6.17. | Techno-economics of a H2-DRI-EAF plant |
7.6.18. | Energy consumption of plant using H2-DRI |
7.6.19. | Case study project: HYBRIT |
7.6.20. | Major steel producers developing H2-DRI-EAF projects |
7.6.21. | Company landscape for H2 use in steelmaking |
7.6.22. | H2 in sustainable steel production SWOT |
7.7. | Power & heat applications |
7.7.1. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in power & heat generation |
7.7.2. | Hydrogen in power and heating applications |
7.7.3. | Hydrogen in power-to-gas energy storage for renewables |
7.7.4. | Battolyser - battery & electrolyzer system |
7.7.5. | Comparison of energy storage methods |
7.7.6. | Inefficiencies of energy storage with H2 |
7.7.7. | Commercial activity in H2 for energy storage |
7.7.8. | Off-grid power using hydrogen |
7.7.9. | Companies developing off-grid solutions |
7.7.10. | Combined heat & power (CHP) generation |
7.7.11. | Why are hydrogen CHP plants needed? |
7.7.12. | Companies & commercial efforts in hydrogen CHP |
7.7.13. | Main applications for SOFCs |
7.7.14. | Classification of fuels by carbon emissions |
7.7.15. | SOFCs for Utilities |
7.7.16. | Hydrogen in homes & heating appliances - THyGA |
7.7.17. | Hydrogen in homes & heating appliances - Cadent Gas |
7.7.18. | Hydrogen in industrial combustion systems |
7.8. | Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) |
7.8.1. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in FCEVs |
7.8.2. | Outlook for fuel cell cars |
7.8.3. | Outlook for fuel cell LCVs |
7.8.4. | Outlook for fuel cell trucks |
7.8.5. | Outlook for fuel cell buses |
7.8.6. | Fuel cell passenger cars |
7.8.7. | Transporting hydrogen to refuelling stations |
7.8.8. | Fuel cell cars in production |
7.8.9. | Toyota Mirai 2nd generation |
7.8.10. | Hyundai NEXO |
7.8.11. | Light commercial vehicles (LCVs) - Vans |
7.8.12. | Fuel cell LCVs |
7.8.13. | Truck Classifications |
7.8.14. | Heavy duty trucks: BEV or fuel cell? |
7.8.15. | Fuel cell buses |
7.8.16. | Main pros & cons of fuel cell buses |
7.9. | Hydrogen refueling for FCEVs |
7.9.1. | Hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) |
7.9.2. | State of hydrogen refueling infrastructure worldwide (1/2) |
7.9.3. | State of hydrogen refueling infrastructure worldwide (2/2) |
7.9.4. | Notable commercial efforts in HRS |
7.9.5. | Alternative hydrogen refueling concepts |
7.9.6. | Cost of hydrogen at the pump (1/2) |
7.9.7. | Cost of hydrogen at the pump (2/2) |
7.10. | Fuel cells in marine applications |
7.10.1. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in the maritime sector |
7.10.2. | Low carbon fuels in the marine sector |
7.10.3. | Fuel cells technologies for ships |
7.10.4. | Fuel cell system integration into a ship |
7.10.5. | Hydrogen fuel cell ship design |
7.10.6. | SOFC for marine |
7.10.7. | Bunkering overview |
7.10.8. | Alternative fuels by technology & vessel |
7.10.9. | Energy Density Benchmarking of Fuels |
7.10.10. | Qualitative Benchmarking of Low Carbon Fuels |
7.10.11. | Efficiency Comparison: Battery, PEMFC, SOFC |
7.10.12. | LNG, Hydrogen & Ammonia Compared |
7.11. | Fuel cell trains |
7.11.1. | Key takeaways for hydrogen use in rail transport |
7.11.2. | Fuel Cell Train Overview |
7.11.3. | Fuel Cell Technology Benchmarking for Rail |
7.11.4. | Fuel Cell Train Operating Modes |
7.11.5. | Fuel Cell Energy Density Advantage |
7.11.6. | Range Advantage for Fuel Cell Trains |
7.11.7. | Rail Fuel Cell Suppliers |
7.11.8. | Hydrogen Rail History |
7.11.9. | FC Multiple Unit Summary |
7.11.10. | Alstom leading the way in FC multiple unit orders |
7.11.11. | Alstom Coradia iLint schematic |
7.11.12. | Cummins: fuel cell supplier to Alstom |
7.12. | Hydrogen aviation |
7.12.1. | Key takeaways from hydrogen aviation |
7.12.2. | Decarbonizing aviation |
7.12.3. | Options for hydrogen use in aviation |
7.12.4. | Key systems needed for hydrogen aircraft |
7.12.5. | Example design for fuel cell aircraft |
7.12.6. | Comparison of technology options |
7.12.7. | Major challenges hindering hydrogen aviation |
7.12.8. | Case study: ZeroAvia |
7.12.9. | Smaller hydrogen FC aircraft: drones & eVTOL |
7.12.10. | Hydrogen aviation company landscape |
8. | MARKET FORECASTS |
8.1. | Forecasting assumptions & methodology |
8.2. | Hydrogen demand forecast (1/2) |
8.3. | Hydrogen demand forecast (2/2) |
8.4. | Hydrogen production forecast (1/2) |
8.5. | Hydrogen production forecast (2/2) |
8.6. | Hydrogen market forecast (1/2) |
8.7. | Hydrogen market forecast (2/2) |
8.8. | IDTechEx's outlook on low-carbon hydrogen |
9. | COMPANY PROFILES |
9.1. | Hydrogen storage & distribution |
9.1.1. | AMBARtec |
9.1.2. | Cadent Gas |
9.1.3. | Chiyoda Corporation |
9.1.4. | Cryomotive |
9.1.5. | Electriq Global |
9.1.6. | ENEOS Corporation |
9.1.7. | GKN Hydrogen |
9.1.8. | Hexagon Purus |
9.1.9. | Hydrogenious LOHC Technologies |
9.1.10. | Kawasaki Heavy Industries |
9.1.11. | Storag Etzel |
9.1.12. | Storengy |
9.2. | Hydrogen production |
9.2.1. | Air Liquide |
9.2.2. | Air Products |
9.2.3. | Hazer Group |
9.2.4. | Johnson Matthey |
9.2.5. | Monolith |
9.2.6. | Mote |
9.2.7. | Shell |
9.2.8. | Topsoe |
9.2.9. | Transform Materials |
9.3. | Hydrogen project developers |
9.3.1. | Aker Horizons |
9.3.2. | Equinor |
9.3.3. | Horisont Energi |
9.4. | End-users |
9.4.1. | Atmonia |
9.4.2. | H2 Green Steel |
9.4.3. | HYBRIT |
9.4.4. | Midrex Technologies |