1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Drivers for recycling Li-ion batteries |
1.2. | LIB recycling approaches overview |
1.3. | Pyrometallurgical recycling |
1.4. | Hydrometallurgical recycling |
1.5. | Direct recycling |
1.6. | Recycling techniques compared |
1.7. | EV battery recycling value chain |
1.8. | When will Li-ion batteries be recycled? |
1.9. | Recycling or second life? |
1.10. | Is recycling Li-ion batteries economic? |
1.11. | Economic analysis of Li-ion battery recycling |
1.12. | Impact of cathode chemistries on recycling economics |
1.13. | Impact of metal prices on recycling economics |
1.14. | Recycling regulations and policies |
1.15. | Recycling policies and regulations map |
1.16. | Sector involvement |
1.17. | Recycling techniques and commercial activity |
1.18. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By region (GWh) |
1.19. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By region (GWh) - Summary |
1.20. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By region (ktonnes) |
1.21. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By region (ktonnes) - Summary |
1.22. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By chemistry (ktonnes) |
1.23. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By chemistry (ktonnes) - Summary |
1.24. | Global recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2043 (ktonnes) |
1.25. | Global recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2043 (ktonnes) - Summary |
1.26. | Price Assumptions |
1.27. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market value 2020-2043 - (US$ billion) |
1.28. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market value 2020-2043 - (US$ billion) - Summary |
2. | INTRODUCTION AND LI-ION BATTERY MARKET OVERVIEW |
2.1. | What is a Li-ion battery? |
2.2. | Li-ion cathode overview |
2.3. | Li-ion anode overview |
2.4. | Cycle life and end-of-life |
2.5. | Why batteries fail? |
2.6. | Li-ion degradation complexity |
2.7. | What happens to end-of-life Li-ion batteries |
2.8. | When will Li-ion batteries be recycled? |
2.9. | The Li-ion supply chain |
2.10. | Demand for Li-ion shifting |
2.11. | Market overview |
2.12. | Drivers for high-nickel cathode |
2.13. | Battery cathode technology trends |
2.14. | Battery technology trends in anode and beyond Li-ion |
2.15. | The elements used in Li-ion batteries |
2.16. | Supply and demand overview |
2.17. | Potential for raw material shortage |
2.18. | Carbon emissions from electric vehicles |
2.19. | Sustainability of Li-ion materials |
2.20. | Questionable mining practice |
2.21. | Drivers and restraints |
3. | RECYCLING REGULATION AND POLICY |
3.1.1. | Executive Summary (1) |
3.1.2. | Executive Summary (2) |
3.1.3. | Circular economy |
3.1.4. | Benefits of recycling regulation |
3.2. | China |
3.2.1. | Extended Producer Responsibility |
3.2.2. | China's specifications |
3.2.3. | Overview of Chinese Regulations |
3.2.4. | China's Policy Framework |
3.2.5. | The EV battery traceability management system in China |
3.2.6. | China's Traceability Management Platform |
3.2.7. | Drawbacks of Chinas policy framework |
3.3. | EU |
3.3.1. | EU critical raw materials |
3.3.2. | European batteries Alliance |
3.3.3. | EU Battery Directive 2006/66/EC |
3.3.4. | Proposed EU regulation concerning batteries and waste batteries |
3.3.5. | EU Battery Regulation commentary |
3.4. | US |
3.4.1. | US Critical Minerals Act |
3.4.2. | Inflation Reduction Act |
3.4.3. | US Li-ion battery recycling incentives and tax breaks (examples pre-IRA) |
3.4.4. | US Policy |
3.4.5. | National Blueprint for Lithium Batteries (US) |
3.5. | India |
3.5.1. | India's Battery Waste Management Rules |
3.6. | UK |
3.6.1. | Building a policy framework in the UK |
3.6.2. | UK battery recycling industry |
3.7. | South Korea and Japan |
3.7.1. | South Korea and Japan |
3.8. | Australia |
3.8.1. | Australia |
3.8.2. | Battery Stewardship Scheme and ABRI |
3.9. | Other considerations |
3.9.1. | Transportation |
3.10. | Policies summary |
3.10.1. | Recycling policies and regulations map |
3.10.2. | Policy summary |
3.10.3. | Specific policy targets and funding summary |
4. | LI-ION RECYCLING PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES |
4.1.1. | Recycling history - Pb-acid |
4.1.2. | Pb-acid batteries |
4.1.3. | Pb-acid vs Li-ion cost breakdown |
4.1.4. | Lessons to be learned |
4.1.5. | Recycling alkaline cells |
4.1.6. | Drivers for recycling Li-ion batteries 1 |
4.1.7. | Drivers for recycling Li-ion batteries 2 |
4.1.8. | Constraints on recycling Li-ion batteries |
4.1.9. | LIB recycling process overview |
4.1.10. | Recycling feedstock streams |
4.1.11. | LIB recycling approaches overview |
4.1.12. | LIB recycling approaches overview |
4.1.13. | Recycler capabilities |
4.1.14. | Is there enough global resource? |
4.1.15. | Material content |
4.1.16. | BEV Li-ion recycling mass flow |
4.2. | Mechanical processing |
4.2.1. | Recycling different Li-ion batteries |
4.2.2. | Recycling different Li-ion batteries |
4.2.3. | Lack of pack standardisation |
4.2.4. | EV LIB discharge and disassembly |
4.2.5. | LIB disassembly |
4.2.6. | Mechanical processing and separation |
4.2.7. | Mechanical processing and separation process example |
4.2.8. | Recycling pre-treatments and processing |
4.2.9. | Sieving |
4.2.10. | Gravity separation/Eddy current separation |
4.2.11. | Froth flotation |
4.2.12. | Mechanical separation flow diagram |
4.2.13. | Recupyl mechanical separation flow diagram |
4.2.14. | TES-AMM black mass process |
4.3. | Pyrometallurgy |
4.3.1. | Pyrometallurgical recycling |
4.3.2. | Pyrometallurgical recycling |
4.3.3. | Pyrometallurgical recycling strengths/weaknesses |
4.3.4. | Umicore recycling flow diagram |
4.4. | Hydrometallurgy and material recovery |
4.4.1. | Hydrometallurgical recycling |
4.4.2. | Hydrometallurgical recycling strengths/weaknesses |
4.4.3. | Recycling example via hydrometallurgy |
4.4.4. | Recupyl recycling flow diagram |
4.4.5. | TES-AMM hydrometallurgical process flow diagram |
4.4.6. | Electrometallurgy |
4.4.7. | Solvent extraction |
4.4.8. | Precipitation |
4.4.9. | Opportunities in Li-ion recycling |
4.5. | Direct recycling |
4.5.1. | Direct recycling |
4.5.2. | Direct recycling process development |
4.5.3. | Direct recycling strengths/weaknesses |
4.5.4. | Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling |
4.5.5. | ReCell Center |
4.5.6. | Pre-processing |
4.5.7. | Electrolyte separation |
4.5.8. | Cathode-cathode and cathode-anode separation |
4.5.9. | Binder removal |
4.5.10. | Relithiation |
4.5.11. | Solid-state and electrochemical relithiation |
4.5.12. | OnTo Technology |
4.5.13. | Cathode healingTM (Hydrothermal) |
4.5.14. | Cathode recovery and rejuvenation |
4.5.15. | Solid state vs cathode healing |
4.5.16. | Upcycling |
4.5.17. | Direct recycling of manufacturing scrap |
4.5.18. | Life-cycle analysis [1/2] |
4.5.19. | Life cycle analysis [2/2] |
4.6. | Recycling technology conclusions |
4.6.1. | Trends in Li-ion recycling |
4.6.2. | Trends in Li-ion recycling |
4.6.3. | Recycling methods map |
4.6.4. | Li-ion production chain/loop |
4.6.5. | Designed for recycling |
4.6.6. | Recycling technology conclusions |
4.6.7. | Recycling techniques compared |
4.6.8. | Academic research |
4.6.9. | Academic research by region |
5. | VALUE CHAIN AND BUSINESS MODELS FOR LI-ION BATTERY RECYCLING |
5.1. | Why Li-ion batteries fail |
5.2. | What happens to end-of-life Li-ion batteries |
5.3. | Overview of the Li-ion battery recycling value chain |
5.4. | Closed-loop value chain of electric vehicle batteries |
5.5. | EV battery recycling value chain |
5.6. | The lifecycle view of EV battery recycling value chain |
5.7. | When will Li-ion batteries be recycled? |
5.8. | Is recycling Li-ion batteries economic? |
5.9. | Economic analysis of battery recycling |
5.10. | Impact of battery chemistries on recycling economics |
5.11. | Recycling value by cathode chemistry |
5.12. | Impact of metal prices on recycling economics |
5.13. | Recycling or second life? |
5.14. | Recycling or second life: Techno-economic analysis (1) |
5.15. | Recycling or second life: Techno-economic analysis (2) |
5.16. | Recycling LFP batteries |
5.17. | Difficulty of recycling other components and materials |
5.18. | Recycling or second life: Related report |
5.19. | Impact of recycling on Li-ion battery cost reduction |
5.20. | Where are the retired Li-ion batteries? |
5.21. | Reverse logistics: Li-ion battery collection |
5.22. | Case study of a EV battery collection network in China |
5.23. | Battery sorting and disassembling |
5.24. | Design for recycling |
5.25. | Concluding remarks |
6. | RECYCLING MARKET OVERVIEW |
6.1. | Executive summary |
6.2. | Interest in recycling across the value chain |
6.3. | Location of Li-ion recycling companies |
6.4. | European recycling |
6.5. | European recycling |
6.6. | Asia-Pacific (excl. China) recycling |
6.7. | Asia-Pacific (excl. China) recycling |
6.8. | China recycling |
6.9. | China recycling |
6.10. | North America recycling |
6.11. | North America recycling |
6.12. | Sector involvement |
6.13. | Recycling commercialization stages |
6.14. | Recycling technology breakdown |
6.15. | State of recycling players |
6.16. | Global recycling capacity |
6.17. | Concluding remarks |
7. | 2022-2023 MARKET UPDATES |
7.1.1. | Executive Summary |
7.2. | Li-ion battery recycling timeline Q4 2021-Q3 2022 |
7.2.1. | Li-ion battery recycling timeline Q4 2022-Q1 2023 |
7.2.2. | November 2021-January 2022 |
7.2.3. | January 2022-April 2022 |
7.2.4. | May 2022-June 2022 |
7.2.5. | August 2022-September 2022 |
7.2.6. | October 2022 |
7.2.7. | November 2022-December 2022 |
7.2.8. | December 2022-February 2023 |
7.2.9. | February 2023-March 2023 |
7.3. | Supply relationships, joint ventures, and facility timelines |
7.3.1. | South Korean company relationships |
7.3.2. | Li-Cycle and Glencore company relationships |
7.3.3. | Cirba Solutions company map |
7.3.4. | Li-ion battery recycling capacity roadmap |
7.3.5. | Li-ion battery recycling capacity roadmap |
7.3.6. | Li-ion battery recycling capacity roadmap |
7.3.7. | Global recycling future capacity expansions (simplified) |
7.3.8. | Concluding remarks |
8. | MARKET FORECASTS |
8.1.1. | Methodology explained |
8.1.2. | LFP and material considerations |
8.1.3. | Assumptions |
8.1.4. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By region (GWh) |
8.1.5. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By region (GWh) - Summary |
8.1.6. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By region (ktonnes) |
8.1.7. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By region (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.1.8. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By chemistry (ktonnes) |
8.1.9. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By chemistry (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.1.10. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market by chemistry in major regions |
8.1.11. | Global recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2043 (ktonnes) |
8.1.12. | Global recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2043 (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.1.13. | Price assumptions |
8.1.14. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market value 2020-2043 - (US$ billion) |
8.1.15. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market value 2020-2043 - (US$ billion) - Summary |
8.1.16. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market value share |
8.2. | China |
8.2.1. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in China: By sector (GWh) |
8.2.2. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in China: By sector (GWh) - Summary |
8.2.3. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in China: By sector (ktonnes) |
8.2.4. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in China: By sector (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.2.5. | Li-ion battery recycling market share by sector in China |
8.2.6. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in China: By chemistry (GWh) |
8.2.7. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in China: By chemistry (GWh) - Summary |
8.2.8. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in China: By chemistry (ktonnes) |
8.2.9. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in China: By chemistry (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.2.10. | Li-ion battery recycling market share by cathode in China |
8.2.11. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2043 in China (ktonnes) |
8.2.12. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2043 in China (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.3. | Europe |
8.3.1. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in Europe: By sector (GWh) |
8.3.2. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in Europe: By sector (GWh) - Summary |
8.3.3. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in Europe: By sector (ktonnes) |
8.3.4. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in Europe: By sector (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.3.5. | Li-ion battery recycling market share by sector in Europe |
8.3.6. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in Europe: By chemistry (GWh) |
8.3.7. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in Europe: By chemistry (GWh) - Summary |
8.3.8. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in Europe: By chemistry (ktonnes) |
8.3.9. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in Europe: By chemistry (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.3.10. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2043 in Europe (ktonnes) |
8.3.11. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries 2020-2043 in Europe (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.4. | North America |
8.4.1. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in North America: By sector (GWh) |
8.4.2. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in North America: By sector (GWh) - Summary |
8.4.3. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in North America: By sector (ktonnes) |
8.4.4. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in North America: By sector (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.4.5. | Li-ion battery recycling market share by sector in North America |
8.4.6. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in North America: By chemistry (GWh) |
8.4.7. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in North America: By chemistry (GWh) - Summary |
8.4.8. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in North America: By chemistry (ktonnes) |
8.4.9. | Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 in North America: By chemistry (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.4.10. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries in North America 2020-2043 (ktonnes) |
8.4.11. | Recycled metals from Li-ion batteries in North America 2020-2043 (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.5. | Sector breakdown and methodology |
8.5.1. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043: By sector (GWh) |
8.5.2. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 for consumer electronics: By product (GWh) |
8.5.3. | Consumer electronics - Collection rates |
8.5.4. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2028-2043 for stationary energy storage (GWh) |
8.5.5. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2028-2043 for stationary energy storage: By chemistry (GWh) |
8.5.6. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 for manufacturing scrap |
8.5.7. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 for car BEVs (GWh) |
8.5.8. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 for car BEVs: By chemistry (GWh) |
8.5.9. | Global Li-ion battery recycling market 2020-2043 for non-car electric vehicles: By vehicle type (GWh) |
8.6. | Battery packs |
8.6.1. | Global Li-ion battery pack recycling market 2020-2043: By region (thousand units) |
8.6.2. | Global Li-ion battery pack recycling market 2020-2043: By region (thousand units) - Summary |
8.6.3. | Global Li-ion battery pack recycling market 2020-2043: By region (ktonnes) |
8.6.4. | Global Li-ion battery pack recycling market 2020-2043: By region (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.6.5. | Global Li-ion battery pack recycling market 2020-2043: By metal (ktonnes) |
8.6.6. | Global Li-ion battery pack recycling market 2020-2043: By metal (ktonnes) - Summary |
8.6.7. | Global Li-ion battery pack market value 2020-2043: By region (US$ million) |
8.6.8. | Global Li-ion battery pack market value 2020-2043: By metal (US$ million) |
9. | COMPANY PROFILES |
9.1.1. | List of company profiles included |
9.1.2. | Portal links to key company profiles |
9.2. | Recycling company overviews |
9.2.1. | Company overviews: China |
9.2.2. | Company overviews: Japan and South Korea |
9.2.3. | Company overviews: India, Singapore and Australia |
9.2.4. | Company overviews: Europe [1/3] |
9.2.5. | Company overviews: Europe [2/3] |
9.2.6. | Company overviews: Europe [3/3] |
9.2.7. | Company overviews: North America |
9.3. | Automotive OEMs |
9.3.1. | BMW's strategic partnerships for EV battery recycling |
9.3.2. | Renault's circular economy efforts for Li-ion batteries |
9.3.3. | Volkswagen plans for retired EV batteries |
9.3.4. | Volkswagen's in-house Li-ion battery recycling plant |
9.3.5. | Tesla's 'circular Gigafactory' |
9.4. | Europe |
9.4.1. | Akkuser Oy |
9.4.2. | Batrec |
9.4.3. | BASF |
9.4.4. | Duesenfeld |
9.4.5. | Duesenfeld process overview |
9.4.6. | Glencore Nikkelverk |
9.4.7. | Inobat - Combining recycling and mining with Rio Tinto |
9.4.8. | Nickelhütte Aue |
9.4.9. | ReLieVe Project (Suez, Eramet and BASF) |
9.4.10. | Stena Recycling AB |
9.5. | Asia |
9.5.1. | 4R Energy |
9.5.2. | 4R Energy's Namie plant |
9.5.3. | Anhua Taisen |
9.5.4. | CATL and Brunp Recycling |
9.5.5. | Blast at Brunp Recycling factory |
9.5.6. | Dowa Eco-System Co. |
9.5.7. | EcoPro |
9.5.8. | Ganfeng Lithium |
9.5.9. | GEM |
9.5.10. | GS E&C - Involvement with Hyundai, SungEel HiTech and POSCO |
9.5.11. | Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech |
9.5.12. | JX Nippon Metal Mining |
9.5.13. | Kobar |
9.5.14. | Kyoei Seiko |
9.5.15. | Sumitomo |
9.5.16. | Sumitomo processes |
9.6. | North America |
9.6.1. | Farasis |
9.6.2. | Farasis recycling process patent |