1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Report Summary |
1.2. | Key Report Findings (1) |
1.3. | Key Report Findings (2) |
1.4. | Construction Vehicles |
1.5. | Key Construction Machine Types for Electrification |
1.6. | Construction Market Continues to Bounce Back |
1.7. | Top 15 Construction Market Players |
1.8. | Electrification Activity of Major Construction OEMs (1) |
1.9. | Electrification Activity of Major Construction OEMs (2) |
1.10. | Drivers for Construction Vehicle Electrification |
1.11. | TCO Drivers for Electric Construction Vehicles |
1.12. | Advantages of / Barriers to Machine Electrification |
1.13. | Technology Positioning for Construction Equipment |
1.14. | Performance Advantages of an Electric Excavator |
1.15. | Battery Capacity and Operation Runtime |
1.16. | Battery Sizes for Different Vehicle Types |
1.17. | Options for Meeting Power Duty Cycle Power Demand |
1.18. | Electric vs Diesel Break-even: Fuel Cost Saving |
1.19. | Electric vs Diesel Break-even: Fuel + Maintenance |
1.20. | Battery Price Impact on Break Even Point |
1.21. | OEM Dealer Electric Retrofitting Partnerships |
1.22. | Engine Manufacturers Looking Toward Electrification |
1.23. | Dealer Driven Electrification Development |
1.24. | Chinese OEMs Large Battery Excavators |
1.25. | Large Electric Excavator Price Premium (Retrofit) |
1.26. | Large Electric Excavator Price Premium (OEM) |
1.27. | Construction Equipment Electrification Opportunities (1) |
1.28. | Construction Equipment Electrification Opportunities (2) |
1.29. | EV Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Region |
1.30. | Global Construction EV Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
1.31. | EV Construction Machines Battery Demand by Machine Type (GWh) |
1.32. | EV Construction Machines Market Size by Machine Type (US$ Billions) |
2. | INTRODUCTION TO THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY |
2.1. | Overview |
2.1.1. | Construction Vehicles |
2.1.2. | Types of Construction Vehicle |
2.1.3. | Top 15 Construction Market Players |
2.1.4. | Construction Vehicle Revenue by OEM Region |
2.1.5. | CO2 Emission Contribution of Construction Machines |
2.1.6. | CO2 Emissions Driver for Construction Machine Electrification |
2.1.7. | GHG Emissions: China, US & Europe |
2.1.8. | Vehicles a Major Source of Greenhouse Gas Emission |
2.1.9. | Emissions by Construction Machine Type |
2.1.10. | Urban Air Quality |
2.1.11. | Construction Worksite Air Quality |
2.1.12. | Fossil Fuel Bans (Cities) |
2.1.13. | Emission Standards Target Air Quality not GHG Emission |
2.1.14. | Drivers for Construction Vehicle Electrification |
2.2. | Regional & Company Emissions Policy & Case Studies |
2.2.1. | Norway Pioneering Zero Emission Construction Machines |
2.2.2. | The Netherlands, Denmark and Finland |
2.2.3. | Electrifying Construction Sites |
2.2.4. | Colorado Clean Diesel Program |
2.2.5. | UK Incentivizing Decarbonization of Off-road |
2.2.6. | Construction Industry Committing to GHG Reductions |
2.2.7. | Construction Firms Addressing GHG Emission |
2.2.8. | Noise Reduction |
2.2.9. | What do Electric Machines Need to Deliver |
2.2.10. | Power Demand for Electric Construction Vehicles |
2.2.11. | Technology Positioning for Construction Equipment |
2.2.12. | Volvo Group Fossil Fuel Free Timeline |
2.2.13. | Construction Equipment Electrification Opportunities |
2.2.14. | Future Opportunities in Electric Mobile Machinery |
2.2.15. | Mobile Equipment Chargers / Hydrogen Fuelling |
2.2.16. | Zero Emission Gensets / Microgrids / Energy Storage |
2.2.17. | Autonomous Systems and Digitalization |
3. | ELECTRIC MINI EXCAVATORS (<6 TONNES) |
3.1. | Overview |
3.1.1. | Electric Mini-Excavators Summary |
3.1.2. | Mini Excavators Leading CE Electrification |
3.1.3. | Performance Advantages of an Electric Excavator |
3.1.4. | Mini Excavator OEMs |
3.1.5. | Electric Mini Excavator Example Specifications |
3.1.6. | Electric Mini Excavator Example Specifications |
3.1.7. | Mini Excavator: ICE Engine vs Electric Motor Size (kW) |
3.1.8. | Mini Excavator Size vs Battery Capacity |
3.1.9. | Example mini-excavator battery sizing and runtime |
3.1.10. | Battery Capacity and Operation Runtime |
3.1.11. | Options for Meeting Power Duty Cycle Power Demand |
3.1.12. | Electric Mini-Excavator Price Premium |
3.1.13. | ICE Mini-Excavator Fuel Consumption Cost |
3.1.14. | Electrification Fuel Cost Saving |
3.1.15. | Electric vs Diesel Break-even: Fuel Cost Saving |
3.1.16. | Total Cost of Ownership: Maintenance |
3.1.17. | Cummins' Electric Mini Excavator Analysis |
3.1.18. | Electric vs Diesel Break-even: Fuel + Maintenance |
3.1.19. | Incentivising Electric Machines: Low Emission Zones |
3.1.20. | Incentivizing Through Emissions Charges |
3.1.21. | Early Electric Machine Deployment: Rental Companies |
3.1.22. | OEM Dealer Electric Retrofitting Partnerships |
3.1.23. | Engine Manufacturers Looking Toward Electrification |
3.1.24. | Electric Mini-Excavators CO2 Emission Saving |
3.2. | Mini Excavators: OEM Models & Case Studies |
3.2.1. | Volvo Construction Equipment |
3.2.2. | Volvo Group |
3.2.3. | Volvo Expanding their Electric CE Portfolio |
3.2.4. | Volvo EC55 Electric |
3.2.5. | Komatsu PC30E-5 Electric Mini-Excavator |
3.2.6. | Komatsu Remote Controlled Electric Mini Excavator |
3.2.7. | Komatsu / Honda Micro Electric Excavators |
3.2.8. | Hyundai Construction Equipment (HCE) |
3.2.9. | Yanmar Construction Equipment |
3.2.10. | Yanmar Prototype |
3.2.11. | Doosan Electric DX17Z-5 Prototype |
3.2.12. | Develon (previously Doosan) production ready model |
3.2.13. | Doosan (now Develon) & Bobcat E10e / E19e |
3.2.14. | JCB E-TECH Electric Mini Excavator |
3.2.15. | XCMG XE35U_E |
3.2.16. | Wacker Neuson EZ17e |
3.2.17. | Takeuchi TB220e |
3.2.18. | SUNCAR HK 216E / Takeuchi |
3.2.19. | KTEG ZE19 / Hitachi / Suncar HK |
3.2.20. | Hitachi Construction Machinery |
3.2.21. | Kobelco |
3.2.22. | Caterpillar 301.9 |
3.2.23. | Limach Electric Mini Excavators |
3.2.24. | Kubota Prototype Mini Excavator |
3.2.25. | Hybrid Dual Power Diesel-Electric Tethered Excavators |
4. | LARGE ELECTRIC EXCAVATORS (>6 TONNES) |
4.1. | Overview |
4.1.1. | Large Electric Excavators Summary (1) |
4.1.2. | Large Electric Excavators Summary (2) |
4.1.3. | Medium / Large Excavator OEMs |
4.1.4. | Electric Excavators >6t, Summary of Models |
4.1.5. | Electric Excavators >6t, Summary of Models |
4.1.6. | Large Electric Excavator Emission / Cost Saving |
4.1.7. | Excavator (>6t): ICE Engine vs Electric Motor Size (kW) |
4.1.8. | Examples Battery Capacity and Operational Runtime |
4.1.9. | Battery Capacity and Operation Runtime >6t Excavators |
4.1.10. | Annual Fuel Cost Saving Diesel vs Electric Excavators |
4.1.11. | >6t Excavator CO2 Emission Saving |
4.1.12. | Dealer Driven Electrification Development |
4.1.13. | Large Electric Excavator Price Premium (retrofit) |
4.1.14. | Break-even electric excavator TCO (OEM) |
4.2. | OEM Models & Case Studies |
4.2.1. | John Deere - Electric Excavator |
4.2.2. | Pon Equipment: CAT Zero Emission Excavators |
4.2.3. | Pon Cat 323F Z-line Power Schematic |
4.2.4. | Pon Equipment: NextGen Electric Excavators |
4.2.5. | Next Generation Pon Cat Excavators |
4.2.6. | Caterpillar 320 Now In-house |
4.2.7. | Volvo EC230 Electrified Excavator |
4.2.8. | Volvo R&D: Large Rear Screen |
4.2.9. | Mecalac e12 Electric Wheeled Excavator |
4.2.10. | Hidromek HICON 7W |
4.2.11. | Hyundai Excavator HX260AL Electric |
4.2.12. | Doosan DX300LC Electric |
4.2.13. | Doosan Tethered Electric Excavator System |
4.2.14. | KTEG ZECOM ZE85 Electric Excavator |
4.2.15. | NASTA ZERON Electric Excavators |
4.2.16. | NASTA ZERON Electric Excavators |
4.2.17. | Hitachi ZX85US-6EB and ZX135US-7EB |
4.2.18. | Liebherr R922 BE Electric Crawler |
4.2.19. | Limach E88.1 Excavator |
4.2.20. | Chinese OEMs Large Battery Excavators |
4.2.21. | LiuGong Excavator |
4.2.22. | Komatsu Hybrid Hydraulic Excavator |
4.2.23. | Komatsu PC 210E with a 700kWh battery! |
4.2.24. | Kobelco SK210H Electric Hybrid |
4.2.25. | Hydraulic Hybrid Excavators - Not Electric Vehicles |
5. | ELECTRIC COMPACT & SKID STEER LOADERS |
5.1. | Overview |
5.1.1. | Electric Compact Loaders Summary |
5.1.2. | Compact Loaders / Skid Steer / Dumpers |
5.1.3. | Sales of Compact Loaders |
5.1.4. | Electric Compact Loaders / Dumper Example Specs (1) |
5.1.5. | Electric Compact Loaders / Dumper Example Specs (2) |
5.1.6. | Electric Compact Loaders Motor Size (kW) |
5.1.7. | Electric Loader / Dumper Size vs Battery Capacity |
5.1.8. | Battery Capacity and Endurance |
5.1.9. | Electric Compact Loader Price Premium |
5.1.10. | Fuel Savings |
5.1.11. | Compact / Skid-steer Loaders OEMs |
5.2. | OEM Models & Case Studies |
5.2.1. | Volvo L25 Electric Compact Wheel Loader |
5.2.2. | Volvo L20 Electric Wheel Loader |
5.2.3. | Schäffer 24E Electric Wheel Loader |
5.2.4. | Bobcat (Doosan Group) |
5.2.5. | Bobcat / Moog: T7X All Electric System |
5.2.6. | Gehl Electric Skid Steer with Battery Swap |
5.2.7. | Tobroco-Giant G2200E Wheel Loader |
5.2.8. | Cat 906 Electric Wheel Loader Concept |
5.2.9. | JCB 1T-E Electric Site Dumper |
5.2.10. | AUSA D100AHA Electric Dumper |
5.2.11. | AUSA D151AEG |
5.2.12. | Poclain Hydraulics 1.8t Wheel Loader |
5.2.13. | Avant Techno e Series Loaders |
5.2.14. | Wacker Neuson WL20e Wheel Loader |
5.2.15. | Kovaco Elise 900 |
5.2.16. | Kramer 5055e Wheel Loader |
5.2.17. | Komatsu - Moog |
6. | ELECTRIC BACKHOE LOADERS |
6.1. | Overview |
6.1.1. | Electric Backhoe Loaders Summary |
6.1.2. | Backhoe Loaders |
6.1.3. | Example Electric Backhoes |
6.1.4. | Fuel Saving Opportunity |
6.1.5. | Backhoe: ICE Engine Size (kW) |
6.1.6. | Backhoe Loaders |
6.2. | OEM Models & Case Studies |
6.2.1. | CASE Construction: Project Zeus |
6.2.2. | CASE Construction 580 EV |
6.2.3. | John Deere 310X-Tier E-Power |
6.2.4. | Huddig Electric PHEV Backhoe |
6.2.5. | Huddig 1260T: Hybrid Operating Modes |
6.2.6. | Huddig Battery / Motor Suppliers |
7. | ELECTRIC WHEEL LOADERS (>6T) |
7.1. | Overview |
7.1.1. | Electric Large Loader Summary |
7.1.2. | Wheel Loaders |
7.1.3. | Electric Wheel Loaders (>6t) Examples |
7.1.4. | Electric X power and weight comparison |
7.1.5. | Battery Capacity for Wheel Loaders |
7.1.6. | Electrification Cost and Savings |
7.1.7. | Savings for Higher Cost Batteries |
7.1.8. | High Battery Costs and Lower Utilization |
7.1.9. | Fuel Consumption and Savings |
7.1.10. | Battery Price Impact on Break Even Point |
7.1.11. | Many Chinese Electric Loader Models Emerging |
7.1.12. | Dual Gun Ultra-Fast Charging |
7.2. | OEM Models & Case Studies |
7.2.1. | Caterpillar 950GC - Electric Wheel Loader |
7.2.2. | XCMG XC918-EV Electric Loader |
7.2.3. | LiuGong 856E-MAX 18.8t Electric Loader |
7.2.4. | LuiGong 856H-E MAX |
7.2.5. | Danfoss Editron Full Electric Wheel Loader |
7.2.6. | Ahlmann AZ 95 Electric Swing Loader |
7.2.7. | Greenland GEL-5000 Electric Loader |
7.2.8. | XCMG XC958-EV Electric Loader |
7.2.9. | Sany SW956E Electric Loader |
7.2.10. | Volvo L120H Electric Conversion |
7.2.11. | Volvo Electric Site Research Project |
7.2.12. | Diesel Electric Hybrid Wheel Loaders |
7.2.13. | Diesel Electric Hybrid Wheel Loader Examples |
7.2.14. | Cat 988K XE: Electric Drive Wheel Loader |
8. | ELECTRIC TELEHANDLERS |
8.1. | Overview |
8.1.1. | Electric Telehandlers Summary |
8.1.2. | Telescopic Handlers |
8.1.3. | Electric Telehandler Example Specifications |
8.1.4. | Telehandler: ICE Engine vs Electric Motor Size (kW) |
8.1.5. | Telehandler battery capacities |
8.1.6. | Telehandlers |
8.2. | OEM Models & Case Studies |
8.2.1. | Liebherr Electric Telescopic Handler - DEUTZ |
8.2.2. | JCB 525-60E Electric Telehandler |
8.2.3. | JLG Full Electric Telehandler Concept |
8.2.4. | Manitou Electric Telehandlers |
8.2.5. | Manitou MTE 625 and MT625e Electric |
8.2.6. | Faresin / Snorkel Full Electric Telehandler |
8.2.7. | Faresin: Aliant Battery Assembly |
8.2.8. | XCMG XC6-2506E Telehandler |
9. | ELECTRIC MOBILE CRANES |
9.1. | Overview |
9.1.1. | Electric Mobile Cranes Summary |
9.1.2. | Mobile Cranes |
9.1.3. | Electric Crane Example Specifications |
9.1.4. | Mobile Cranes |
9.2. | OEM Models & Case Studies |
9.2.1. | Liebherr Electric Crawler Cranes |
9.2.2. | Liebherr LR1250.1 Deployed at HS2 Station Site |
9.2.3. | Liebherr Electric Crawler Cranes Schematic |
9.2.4. | Liebherr Expand Range of Electric Crawler - LR1130.1 Unplugged & LR1160.1 Unplugged |
9.2.5. | Liebherr LTC1050-3.1 |
9.2.6. | PV-E Crane 100% Electric Crawler Cranes |
9.2.7. | Madea All-Electric Mini Crawler Crane |
9.2.8. | Zoomlion ZTC250N-EV Electric Truck Crane |
9.2.9. | Zoomlion ZAT2200VE863 Super Heavy Crane |
9.2.10. | Sany STC250HBEV Electric Truck Crane |
9.2.11. | Sany SCE800TB-EV fully electric crawler crane |
9.2.12. | XCMG XCT25EV and XCA60EV PHEV Truck Cranes |
10. | ELECTRIC OTHER CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES |
10.1. | Other Construction Vehicles |
10.2. | Liebherr Hybrid Concrete Mixer Truck - Not Electric |
10.3. | Futuricum Electric Concrete Mixer Truck |
10.4. | Chinese OEMs Electric Mixer Trucks |
10.5. | Volvo FMX |
10.6. | Renault Trucks D Wide Z.E. |
10.7. | Chinese Battery Swapping Dump Trucks |
10.8. | Sany Electric Dump Trucks |
10.9. | BYD Electric Dump Trucks For Shenzhen |
10.10. | Truck OEMs Commit to Electrification |
10.11. | Junttan Electric Pile Driving Rig |
10.12. | Liebherr LB 16 Electric Drilling Rig |
10.13. | BAM Electric Road Roller |
10.14. | Electric Asphalt Rollers |
10.15. | Cat / Medatech Electric Road Grader |
10.16. | Cat Electric Drive (hybrid) Dozer |
11. | LI-ION BATTERY TECHNOLOGY & HEAVY-DUTY PACK SUPPLIERS FOR CONSTRUCTION |
11.1. | Lithium Battery Chemistry Overview |
11.2. | Current & Emerging Lithium Batteries Ranked |
11.3. | The Promise of Silicon |
11.4. | Silicon Anode Material Opportunities |
11.5. | Silicon Anode - Company Benchmarking |
11.6. | LTO Battery Cell Technology |
11.7. | Battery Requirements in Construction: Performance |
11.8. | Battery Requirements in Construction: Pricing |
11.9. | Battery Requirements in Construction: Reliability |
11.10. | Key Performance Indicators For Construction Battery Systems |
11.11. | Battery Chemistry Benchmarking for Construction |
11.12. | LFP or NMC Comparison |
11.13. | Introduction To Sodium-ion Batteries (Sibs) |
11.14. | Na-ion vs Other Chemistries |
11.15. | Cell Chemistry in Construction |
11.16. | Regional Cell Chemistry Choices |
11.17. | Cylindrical, Prismatic, Pouch Cell Format Comparison |
11.18. | Shifts in Cell and Pack Design |
11.19. | Larger Format 4680 Cylindrical Cells |
11.20. | Li-ion Batteries: From Cell to Pack |
11.21. | Heavy Duty Battery Pack Manufacturing Trends |
11.22. | Battery Pack Materials |
11.23. | Eliminating the Battery Module |
11.24. | Battery Enclosure Materials Summary |
11.25. | Lightweighting Battery Enclosures |
11.26. | IDTechEx Li-ion Battery Timeline |
11.27. | Timeline and Outlook for Li-ion Cell Energy Densities |
11.28. | Li-ion Timeline Commentary |
12. | HEAVY DUTY BATTERY SUPPLIERS |
12.1. | Akasol |
12.2. | Akasol AKASYSTEM |
12.3. | Northvolt Voltpack Core |
12.4. | Webasto Modular Battery System |
12.5. | Webasto & ECE - Large Electric Excavator |
12.6. | Proterra |
12.7. | Hyperdrive Innovation |
12.8. | Cummins |
12.9. | Deutz AG |
12.10. | Other European Battery Manufacturers |
12.11. | WATTALPS: Non-Road Mobile Machinery Batteries |
12.12. | WATTALPS Battery Pack |
12.13. | Chemistry Choice - Europe and North America |
12.14. | Chinese Electric Heavy-Duty Battery Suppliers |
12.15. | Known construction & battery supplier relationships (1) |
12.16. | Known construction & battery supplier relationships (2) |
13. | MOTORS |
13.1. | Comparison of Traction Motor Construction and Merits |
13.2. | Summary of Traction Motor Types |
13.3. | Dana TM4 |
13.4. | Dana E-Axles |
13.5. | ZF Friedrichshafen AG |
13.6. | ZF Preferred Electric Drivetrain Architecture |
13.7. | Danfoss Editron |
13.8. | ABB |
13.9. | Artemis / Danfoss |
13.10. | Electric Motor Performance Designed to Match ICE |
13.11. | Electrically Powered Hydraulic Systems |
13.12. | All-Electric Systems |
14. | HYDROGEN FUELLED CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES: INTRODUCTION & CASE STUDIES |
14.1. | Hydrogen for Construction Vehicles? |
14.2. | Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells |
14.3. | Fuel Cells Technologies Overview |
14.4. | Attraction of Fuel Cell Vehicles |
14.5. | Deployment Barriers for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles |
14.6. | A Kaleidoscope of Hydrogen Colours |
14.7. | Must be Green H2 for Fuel Cell Machines to be 'Green' |
14.8. | Battery Electrification More Efficient than Fuel Cell EV |
14.9. | The Key Challenge: Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction |
14.10. | Power-to-Liquid Fuels - Terrible Efficiency |
14.11. | PEMFC Market Players |
14.12. | Hyundai Fuel Cell Construction Equipment |
14.13. | Bumhan Industry Fuel Cell Mini-Excavator |
14.14. | SANY Fuel Cell Construction Machines |
14.15. | Chinese Fuel Cell Dump Trucks |
14.16. | Comparison Hydrogen Fuel Cost vs Diesel Cost |
14.17. | The Cost of Green Hydrogen - Montpellier FCEV Buses |
14.18. | JCB Hydrogen Combustion Engines |
14.19. | JCB / Ryze / Fortescue Green Hydrogen Deal |
14.20. | Fuel Cell Construction Machines |
14.21. | AVL H2 Combustion Engines |
14.22. | ULEMCo |
14.23. | KEYOU Hydrogen ICE |
14.24. | Hydrogen Combustion Engines |
14.25. | Advantages and Disadvantages of BEV, FCEV, H2ICE |
14.26. | Summary Hydrogen Fuelled Construction Vehicles (1) |
14.27. | Summary Hydrogen Fuelled Construction Vehicles (2) |
15. | FORECASTS |
15.1. | Forecast Methodology (1) |
15.2. | Forecast Methodology (2) |
15.3. | Fuel Cells in Construction Commentary |
15.4. | Other Alternative Powertrains in Construction |
15.5. | Forecast Assumptions |
15.6. | Construction vehicle total addressable market |
15.7. | EV Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Region |
15.8. | Global Construction EV Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
15.9. | US Construction EV Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
15.10. | Europe Construction EV Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
15.11. | China Construction EV Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
15.12. | RoW Construction EV Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
15.13. | EV Construction Machines Battery Demand by machine type (GWh) |
15.14. | EV Construction Machines Battery Demand by region (GWh) |
15.15. | EV Construction Machines Market Size by machine type ($USD Billions) |
15.16. | EV Construction Machines Market Size by region ($USD Billions) |