1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Key market conclusions |
1.2. | Key technology conclusions |
1.3. | Retired EV batteries for second life |
1.4. | Battery second use connects the electric vehicle and battery recycling value chains |
1.5. | Battery second use collection value chain |
1.6. | Market developments |
1.7. | Regulatory landscape overview |
1.8. | Legislative activity by region |
1.9. | EPR through the value chain in the EU |
1.10. | Battery Passport through the value chain in the EU |
1.11. | Shifts in company activity from passport implementation |
1.12. | Regulatory trends summary table |
1.13. | Battery design standardization |
1.14. | LFP vs NMC for second life batteries |
1.15. | EV battery design/technology trends summary table |
1.16. | Li-ion battery circular economy |
1.17. | Remanufacturing processes [1/2] |
1.18. | Remanufacturing processes [2/2] |
1.19. | Battery performance and degradation testing |
1.20. | Battery performance and degradation modeling |
1.21. | Key battery testing/grading players |
1.22. | Comparison of key players in 2LB market [1/3] |
1.23. | Comparison of key players in 2LB market [2/3] |
1.24. | Comparison of key players in 2LB market [3/3] |
1.25. | Player relationships: Market leaders |
1.26. | Player relationships: Future contenders |
1.27. | Player relationships: Aspiring companies |
1.28. | Key player geographic map (by HQ) |
1.29. | Market barriers |
1.30. | Market landscape summary |
1.31. | Annual EV LFP battery availability forecast (GWh) 2023-2033 |
1.32. | Second life market forecast description |
1.33. | Second-life market forecast (GWh) 2023-2033 |
1.34. | 2L market forecast - Batteries deployed by application and region (GWh) 2023-2033 |
1.35. | Second-life market value forecast (US$B) 2023-2033 |
1.36. | Retired EV battery availability vs global stationary storage demand |
1.37. | Forecast for contribution of 2L BESS to stationary BESS market (GWh) 2023-2033 |
1.38. | Company Profiles (Hyperlinks) |
2. | WHAT ARE SECOND-LIFE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES? |
2.1.1. | Why and when do batteries fail? |
2.1.2. | What is the 'second life' of EV batteries? |
2.1.3. | Clarification of terminologies |
2.1.4. | Why does battery second use matter? |
2.1.5. | Battery remanufacturing, first-life extension, or recycling? |
2.2. | Battery second use (B2U) value chain |
2.2.1. | Battery second use connects the electric vehicle and battery recycling value chains |
2.2.2. | Battery second use collection value chain |
2.3. | Applications and project examples |
2.3.1. | Second-life battery applications |
2.3.2. | Different battery sizes for different uses |
2.3.3. | Second-life stationary battery storage examples |
3. | REGULATORY LANDSCAPE AND BATTERY TRACEABILITY |
3.1.1. | Lack of policy and regulation |
3.1.2. | Legislative activity by region |
3.1.3. | Regulatory landscape overview |
3.2. | EU Regulatory landscape |
3.2.1. | Europe regulation introduction |
3.2.2. | EPR through the value chain in the EU |
3.2.3. | European Commission: The Innovation Deal |
3.2.4. | EU to review its regulatory framework for battery second use |
3.2.5. | Key findings from the European ID and Battery Directive changes |
3.2.6. | Further EU regulation announcements and targets |
3.2.7. | Battery regulation - Annex VII |
3.2.8. | EU Battery Passport |
3.2.9. | EU Battery Passport discussion |
3.2.10. | Battery Passport through the value chain in the EU |
3.2.11. | Shifts in company activity from passport implementation |
3.3. | China regulatory landscape |
3.3.1. | Battery traceability in China |
3.3.2. | China's Traceability Management Platform |
3.3.3. | Other Chinese specifications |
3.3.4. | Regulatory frameworks for battery second use in China |
3.3.5. | Ban for large scale 2L ESS |
3.4. | US regulatory landscape |
3.4.1. | UL Certifications in the US |
3.4.2. | Inflation Reduction Act |
3.5. | Regulatory landscape conclusions |
3.5.1. | Regulatory landscape conclusions |
4. | BATTERY DESIGN, CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS |
4.1. | Battery developments summary |
4.2. | Battery design standardization |
4.3. | Automotive format choices |
4.4. | Battery pack materials |
4.5. | Shifts in cell and pack design |
4.6. | Eliminating the battery module? [1/2] |
4.7. | Eliminating the battery module? [2/2] |
4.8. | Will the module be eliminated? |
4.9. | Serviceable batteries (Aceleron) |
4.10. | Aceleron: Future considerations |
4.11. | Aceleron: SWOT Analysis |
4.12. | Li-ion technology diversification |
4.13. | LFP vs NMC for second life batteries |
4.14. | Cathode demand for BEV cars (GWh) |
4.15. | BMS developments |
4.16. | EV battery design/technology trends summary table |
5. | TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE REMANUFACTURING PROCESS |
5.1.1. | Li-ion battery circular economy |
5.2. | Bottlenecks in the remanufacturing process |
5.2.1. | Bottlenecks in the process (1/2) |
5.2.2. | Bottlenecks in the process (2/2) |
5.3. | Overview of the remanufacturing process |
5.3.1. | Disassembly process |
5.3.2. | Costs and time for the disassembly process |
5.3.3. | Costs and considerations of level of disassembly |
5.3.4. | Disassembly costs vs end-user price of 2LB systems |
5.3.5. | Disassembly and reassembly costs vs end-user price of 2LB systems |
5.3.6. | Reassembly costs continued |
5.3.7. | Battery procurement costs discussion |
5.3.8. | Summary of remanufacturing considerations |
5.3.9. | Integrating 2LB at pack-level |
5.3.10. | Pack-level repurposer technologies |
5.4. | Remanufacturing summary and conclusions |
5.4.1. | Advantages and disadvantages to depth of disassembly and reconfiguration |
5.4.2. | Battery remanufacturing decision flow diagram |
5.4.3. | Charts for remanufacturing times and costs |
5.4.4. | Remanufacturing costs and times summary table |
5.4.5. | Techno-economic feasibility conclusions [1/2] |
5.4.6. | Techno-economic feasibility conclusions [2/2] |
6. | BATTERY PERFORMANCE TESTING |
6.1.1. | Introduction: EOL and battery tests |
6.1.2. | Battery and testing definitions |
6.2. | Key tests for second life battery testing |
6.2.1. | State of Charge (SOC) |
6.2.2. | Battery Capacity |
6.2.3. | State of Health (SOH) |
6.2.4. | Electrochemical impedance |
6.3. | Supplementary tests for second life battery testing |
6.3.1. | Pulse charging and discharging |
6.3.2. | Cycle testing |
6.3.3. | State of Power |
6.3.4. | Self-discharge |
6.3.5. | SEI formation and growth |
6.3.6. | Capturing SEI layer with XPS |
6.3.7. | Capturing porosity of SEI layer with TEM |
6.3.8. | Summary table of battery performance tests |
7. | BATTERY PERFORMANCE MODELING |
7.1. | Introduction: Remaining Useful Life |
7.2. | Flowcharts for determining RUL |
7.3. | Flowcharts for determining RUL via machine-learning (ML) |
7.4. | What is measured to determine RUL from a data-driven approach? |
7.5. | Data-driven approaches continued |
7.6. | Physics-based modeling [1/3] |
7.7. | Physics-based modeling [2/3] |
7.8. | Physics-based modeling [3/3] |
7.9. | Four key approaches to modeling battery degradation |
8. | KEY PLAYERS IN BATTERY PERFORMANCE TESTING/MODELING |
8.1. | ReJoule's BattScan technology |
8.2. | ReJoule's model development |
8.3. | ReJoule future technology developments |
8.4. | Oorja Energy's hybrid modeling approach |
8.5. | Silver Power Systems |
8.6. | Ultrasound to measure battery performance? |
8.7. | TITAN AES technology |
8.8. | Relectrify technology |
8.9. | Relectrify business model |
8.10. | ACCURE's battery intelligence cloud platform |
8.11. | TWAICE's battery analytics platform |
8.12. | Qnovo's battery management software |
8.13. | Voltaiq |
8.14. | Key battery testing/grading players |
8.15. | Market barriers and benefits for modelers |
8.16. | Concluding remarks: Battery testing/modeling |
9. | MARKET LANDSCAPE |
9.1.1. | Executive Summary |
9.1.2. | Introduction to second life EV batteries |
9.2. | Overview of players |
9.2.1. | Overview of key services offered by companies |
9.2.2. | Key automotive OEM activity [1/2] |
9.2.3. | Key automotive OEM activity [2/2] |
9.2.4. | Automotive OEM developments [1/2] |
9.2.5. | Automotive OEM developments [2/2] |
9.2.6. | Key diagnostic / remanufacturing players |
9.2.7. | Key players with wider service capabilities |
9.2.8. | Key energy companies / full service providers |
9.2.9. | Key player geographic map (by HQ) |
9.3. | Key players in the second life EV battery market |
9.3.1. | Comparison of key players in 2LB market [1/3] |
9.3.2. | Comparison of key players in 2LB market [2/3] |
9.3.3. | Comparison of key players in 2LB market [3/3] |
9.3.4. | IDTechEx index for companies |
9.3.5. | Player relationships: Market leaders |
9.3.6. | Player relationships: Future contenders |
9.3.7. | Player relationships: Aspiring companies |
9.3.8. | Funding between companies |
9.4. | Market leaders |
9.4.1. | Spiers New Technologies |
9.4.2. | Spiers New Technologies: SWOT Analysis |
9.4.3. | ECO STOR AS overview |
9.4.4. | ECO STOR AS technologies |
9.4.5. | ECO STOR AS business model |
9.4.6. | ECO STOR AS partners |
9.4.7. | ECO STOR AS: SWOT Analysis |
9.4.8. | Connected Energy overview |
9.4.9. | Connected Energy technologies [1/2] |
9.4.10. | Connected Energy technologies [2/2] |
9.4.11. | Connected Energy supply and logistics |
9.4.12. | Connected Energy: Battery Storage as a Service |
9.4.13. | Connected Energy regional activity |
9.4.14. | Connected Energy: SWOT Analysis |
9.5. | Future contenders |
9.5.1. | Smartville Inc. |
9.5.2. | Smartville Inc.: SWOT Analysis |
9.5.3. | B2U Storage Solutions |
9.5.4. | B2U Storage Solutions: SWOT Analysis |
9.5.5. | Brill Power |
9.5.6. | Brill Power: SWOT Analysis |
9.6. | Aspiring contenders |
9.6.1. | RePurpose Energy |
9.6.2. | RePurpose Energy: SWOT Analysis |
9.6.3. | BeePlanet Factory |
9.6.4. | BeePlanet Factory technology specifications |
9.6.5. | BeePlanet Factory: SWOT Analysis |
9.6.6. | ReJoule |
9.6.7. | ReJoule technology |
9.6.8. | ReJoule: SWOT Analysis |
9.6.9. | AceOn Group |
9.6.10. | AceOn Group: SWOT Analysis |
9.7. | Niche 2LB players |
9.7.1. | 2ndLife Batteries |
9.7.2. | 2ndLife Batteries technologies |
9.7.3. | 2ndLife Batteries: SWOT Analysis |
9.7.4. | 2nd Life Battery LLC |
9.7.5. | 2nd Life Battery LLC: SWOT Analysis |
10. | MARKET BARRIERS |
10.1. | Market barriers [1/3] |
10.2. | Market barriers [2/3] |
10.3. | Market barriers [3/3] |
11. | MARKET LANDSCAPE CONCLUSIONS |
11.1. | Concluding remarks [1/3] |
11.2. | Concluding remarks [2/3] |
11.3. | Concluding remarks [3/3] |
12. | FORECASTS - SECOND-LIFE MARKET (GWH INSTALLED) AND EV BATTERY AVAILABILITY FORECASTS 2023-2033 |
12.1. | Forecasts introduction |
12.2. | Forecast assumptions and methodology [1/2] |
12.3. | Forecast assumptions and methodology [2/2] |
12.4. | Forecast calculations explanation |
12.5. | Annual EV battery availability forecast (GWh) 2023-2033 |
12.6. | Availability forecast (excluding car BEV) (GWh) 2023-2033 |
12.7. | Li-ion technology diversification |
12.8. | LFP vs NMC for second life batteries |
12.9. | Cathode demand for BEV cars (GWh) |
12.10. | Annual EV LFP battery availability forecast (GWh) 2023-2033 |
12.11. | Second-life market forecast and assumptions [1/2] |
12.12. | Second-life market forecast and assumptions [2/2] |
12.13. | Second-life market forecast (GWh) 2023-2033 |
12.14. | 2L market forecast - batteries deployed by application and region (GWh) 2023-2033 |
12.15. | Second-life market value forecast (US$B) 2023-2033 |
12.16. | Retired EV battery availability vs global stationary storage demand |
12.17. | Forecast for contribution of 2L BESS to stationary BESS market (GWh) 2023-2033 |
13. | COMPANY PROFILES |
13.1. | 2ndLife Batteries |
13.2. | 2nd Life Battery LLC |
13.3. | Aceleron Energy |
13.4. | AceOn Group |
13.5. | B2U Storage Solutions |
13.6. | BeePlanet Factory |
13.7. | Brill Power |
13.8. | Connected Energy |
13.9. | ACCURE Battery Intelligence |
13.10. | Betteries |
13.11. | Covalion |
13.12. | Ooria Energy |
13.13. | ECO STOR AS |
13.14. | Qnovo |
13.15. | ReJoule |
13.16. | Relectrify |
13.17. | RePurpose Energy |
13.18. | Smartville Inc. |
13.19. | Spiers New Technologies |
13.20. | Voltaiq |
13.21. | Silver Power Systems |
13.22. | Titan Advanced Energy Solutions |
13.23. | TWAICE |