1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
1.2. | Why CCUS and why now? |
1.3. | CCUS could help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors |
1.4. | The CCUS value chain |
1.5. | Carbon capture |
1.6. | Carbon storage |
1.7. | CO₂ Utilization |
1.8. | Carbon pricing importance in the CCUS business model |
1.9. | CCUS business model: The US funding boosting the industry |
1.10. | The momentum behind CCUS is building up |
1.11. | Trends in CO₂ capture sources |
1.12. | Outlook for CCUS by CO₂ source sector |
1.13. | Outlook for CCUS by CO₂ endpoint |
1.14. | Mixed performance from deployed CCUS projects |
1.15. | Solvent-based CO₂ capture |
1.16. | Solid sorbent-based CO₂ capture |
1.17. | Membrane-based CO₂ separation |
1.18. | Emerging CO₂ utilization applications |
1.19. | Is there enough underground capacity to store CO₂? |
1.20. | CO₂ transportation is a bottleneck for CCUS scale-up |
1.21. | CCUS market forecast - Key takeaways |
1.22. | CCUS capacity forecast by capture type - Direct Air Capture (DAC) and point-source |
1.23. | CCUS market forecast by CO₂ endpoint - Storage, utilization, and CO₂-EOR |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
2.2. | Why CCUS and why now? |
2.3. | CCUS could help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors |
2.4. | The CCUS value chain |
2.5. | Carbon capture introduction |
2.6. | Carbon utilization introduction |
2.7. | Main emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
2.8. | Carbon storage introduction |
2.9. | Carbon transport introduction |
2.10. | The costs of CCUS |
2.11. | The challenges in CCUS |
3. | STATUS OF THE CCUS INDUSTRY |
3.1. | The momentum behind CCUS is building up |
3.2. | Momentum: Governments' support of CCUS |
3.3. | Global pipeline of CCUS facilities built and announced |
3.4. | Analysis of CCUS development |
3.5. | CO₂ source: From which sectors has CO₂ been captured? |
3.6. | CO₂ source: Planned CCUS capacity by CO₂ source sector |
3.7. | CO₂ fate: Where does/will the captured CO₂ go? |
3.8. | Regional analysis of CCUS facilities |
3.9. | The improved 45Q tax credits scheme (1/2) |
3.10. | The improved 45Q tax credits scheme (2/2) |
3.11. | The UK is betting on CCUS clusters |
3.12. | UK's CCUS clusters: East Coast Cluster |
3.13. | UK's CCUS clusters: HyNet North West Cluster |
3.14. | Major CCUS players |
3.15. | Mixed performance from CCUS projects |
3.16. | Flagship CCUS projects comparison |
3.17. | Boundary Dam - battling capture technical issues |
3.18. | Petra Nova's shutdown: lessons for the industry? |
3.19. | What determines the success or failure of a CCUS project? |
3.20. | Enabling large-scale CCUS |
4. | CARBON PRICING STRATEGIES |
4.1. | Carbon pricing |
4.2. | Carbon pricing across the world |
4.3. | The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) |
4.4. | Has the EU ETS had an impact? |
4.5. | Carbon pricing in the UK |
4.6. | Carbon pricing in the US |
4.7. | Carbon pricing in China |
4.8. | Carbon prices in currently implemented ETS or carbon tax schemes (2022) |
4.9. | Challenges with carbon pricing |
5. | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE |
5.1.1. | Main CO₂ capture systems |
5.1.2. | DAC vs point-source carbon capture |
5.1.3. | Main CO₂ capture technologies |
5.1.4. | Comparison of CO₂ capture technologies |
5.1.5. | The challenges in carbon capture |
5.1.6. | CO₂ capture: Technological gaps |
5.1.7. | Metrics for CO₂ capture agents |
5.2. | Point-source Carbon Capture |
5.2.1. | Point-source carbon capture (PSCC) |
5.2.2. | Post-combustion CO₂ capture |
5.2.3. | Pre-combustion CO₂ capture |
5.2.4. | Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
5.2.5. | Comparison of point-source CO₂ capture systems |
5.2.6. | Post-combustion: Equipment space requirements |
5.2.7. | Going beyond CO₂ capture rates of 90% |
5.2.8. | 99% capture rate: Suitability of different PSCC technologies |
5.2.9. | CO₂ capture partnership: Linde and BASF |
5.3. | Solvent-based CO₂ Capture |
5.3.1. | Solvent-based CO₂ capture |
5.3.2. | Chemical absorption solvents |
5.3.3. | Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption |
5.3.4. | Hot Potassium Carbonate (HPC) process |
5.3.5. | Chilled ammonia process (CAP) |
5.3.6. | Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems (1/3) |
5.3.7. | Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems (2/3) |
5.3.8. | Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems (3/3) |
5.3.9. | Chemical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects (1/2) |
5.3.10. | Chemical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects (2/2) |
5.3.11. | Physical absorption solvents |
5.3.12. | Comparison of key physical absorption solvents |
5.3.13. | Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects |
5.3.14. | Innovation addressing solvent-based CO₂ capture drawbacks |
5.3.15. | Innovation in carbon capture solvents |
5.3.16. | Next generation solvent technologies for point-source carbon capture |
5.4. | Sorbent-based CO₂ Capture |
5.4.1. | Solid sorbent-based CO₂ separation |
5.4.2. | Solid sorbents for CO₂ capture (1/3) |
5.4.3. | Solid sorbents for CO₂ capture (2/3) |
5.4.4. | Solid sorbents for CO₂ capture (3/3) |
5.4.5. | Comparison of key solid sorbent systems |
5.4.6. | Solid sorbents in post-combustion applications |
5.4.7. | Solid sorbents in pre-combustion applications |
5.4.8. | Solid sorbents show promising results for pre-combustion CO₂ capture applications |
5.5. | Membrane-based CO₂ capture |
5.5.1. | Membrane-based CO₂ separation |
5.5.2. | Membranes: Operating principles |
5.5.3. | Membranes for pre-combustion capture (1/2) |
5.5.4. | Membranes for pre-combustion capture (2/2) |
5.5.5. | Membranes for post-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion capture |
5.5.6. | Developments in membrane capture technologies |
5.5.7. | Technical advantages and challenges for membrane-based CO₂ separation |
5.5.8. | Organic vs inorganic catalytic membranes |
5.5.9. | Comparison of membranes applied to CCUS |
5.6. | Novel CO₂ Capture Technologies |
5.6.1. | Novel concepts for CO₂ separation |
5.6.2. | Capture technology innovation (1/2) |
5.6.3. | Capture technology innovation (2/2) |
5.6.4. | Cryogenic CO₂ capture: an emerging alternative |
5.6.5. | Chemical looping combustion (CLC) |
5.6.6. | LEILAC process: Direct CO₂ capture in cement plants |
5.6.7. | LEILAC process: Configuration options |
5.6.8. | Calcium Looping (CaL) |
5.6.9. | Calcium Looping (CaL) configuration options |
5.6.10. | CO₂ capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) |
5.6.11. | CO₂ capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) |
5.6.12. | The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle |
5.7. | Point-source Carbon Capture in Key Industrial Sectors |
5.7.1. | Power plants with CCUS generate less energy |
5.7.2. | The impact of PSCC on power plant efficiency |
5.7.3. | Is a zero-emissions fossil power plant possible? |
5.7.4. | CO₂ capture for blue hydrogen production (1/2) |
5.7.5. | CO₂ capture for blue hydrogen production (2/2) |
5.7.6. | CO₂ capture retrofit options for blue hydrogen |
5.7.7. | Status of carbon capture in the cement industry |
5.7.8. | Pipeline of CCUS projects in development in the cement industry |
5.7.9. | Carbon capture technologies demonstrated in the cement sector |
5.7.10. | SkyMine® chemical absorption: The largest CCU demonstration in the cement sector |
5.7.11. | Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) in the cement sector: Fortera's ReCarb™ |
5.7.12. | Algae CO₂ capture from cement plants |
5.7.13. | Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector |
5.7.14. | Carbon capture in marine vessels |
5.7.15. | Summary: PSCC technology readiness and providers (1/2) |
5.7.16. | Summary: PSCC technology readiness and providers (2/2) |
5.8. | Direct Air Capture |
5.8.1. | What is direct air capture (DAC)? |
5.8.2. | Why direct air capture (DAC)? |
5.8.3. | The state of the DAC market |
5.8.4. | Momentum: private investments in DAC |
5.8.5. | Momentum: public investment and policy support for DAC |
5.8.6. | Momentum: DAC-specific regulation |
5.8.7. | Direct air capture technologies |
5.8.8. | Liquid solvent-based DAC and alkali looping regeneration |
5.8.9. | DAC solid sorbent swing adsorption processes (1/2) |
5.8.10. | DAC solid sorbent swing adsorption processes (2/2) |
5.8.11. | Electro-swing adsorption of CO₂ for DAC |
5.8.12. | Solid sorbents in DAC |
5.8.13. | Emerging solid sorbent materials for DAC |
5.8.14. | Solid sorbent- vs liquid solvent-based DAC |
5.8.15. | Direct air capture companies |
5.8.16. | Direct air capture company landscape |
5.8.17. | A comparison of the DAC leaders |
5.8.18. | Challenges associated with DAC technology (1/2) |
5.8.19. | Challenges associated with DAC technology (2/2) |
5.8.20. | DACCS co-location with geothermal energy |
5.8.21. | Will DAC be deployed in time to make a difference? |
5.8.22. | What is needed for DAC to achieve the gigatonne capacity by 2050? |
5.8.23. | DAC land requirement is an advantage |
5.8.24. | DAC SWOT analysis |
5.8.25. | DAC: key takeaways |
5.9. | Carbon Capture Cost Analysis |
5.9.1. | The factors influencing CO₂ capture costs |
5.9.2. | How does CO₂ partial pressure influence cost? |
5.9.3. | PSCC technologies: Cost, energy demand, and CO₂ recovery |
5.9.4. | Techno-economic comparison of CO₂ capture technologies (1/2) |
5.9.5. | Techno-economic comparison of CO₂ capture technologies (2/2) |
5.9.6. | Economic comparison between amine- and membrane-based CO₂ capture |
5.9.7. | The cost of increasing the rate of CO₂ capture in the power sector |
5.9.8. | The economics of DAC |
5.9.9. | The CAPEX of DAC |
5.9.10. | The CAPEX of DAC: sub-system contribution |
5.9.11. | The OPEX of DAC |
5.9.12. | Levelized cost of DAC |
5.9.13. | Financing DAC |
6. | CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL (CDR) |
6.1. | What is carbon dioxide removal (CDR)? |
6.2. | What is the difference between CDR and CCUS? |
6.3. | Why carbon dioxide removal (CDR)? |
6.4. | The state of CDR in the voluntary carbon market |
6.5. | Direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) |
6.6. | Afforestation and reforestation (A/R) |
6.7. | Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) |
6.8. | Ocean-based Negative Emissions Technologies |
6.9. | Biochar and bio-oil |
6.10. | Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) |
6.11. | Opportunities in BECCS: heat generation |
6.12. | Opportunities in BECCS: waste-to-energy |
6.13. | BECCUS current status |
6.14. | Trends in BECCUS projects (1/2) |
6.15. | Trends in BECCUS projects (2/2) |
6.16. | The challenges of BECCS |
6.17. | What is the business model for BECCS? |
6.18. | The energy and carbon efficiency of BECCS |
6.19. | Is BECCS sustainable? |
6.20. | BECCS for hydrogen production and carbon removal |
6.21. | CDR technologies: key takeaways |
7. | CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION |
7.1.1. | CO₂ Utilization as a climate mitigation solution |
7.1.2. | How is CO₂ used and sourced today? |
7.1.3. | CO₂ Utilization pathways |
7.1.4. | Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications (1/2) |
7.1.5. | Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications (2/2) |
7.1.6. | Factors driving future market potential |
7.1.7. | Carbon utilization potential and climate benefits |
7.1.8. | Cost effectiveness of CO₂ utilization applications |
7.1.9. | Carbon pricing is needed for most CO₂U applications to break even |
7.1.10. | Traction in CO₂U: Funding worldwide |
7.1.11. | Technology readiness and climate benefits of CO₂U pathways |
7.1.12. | CO₂ Utilization: General pros and cons |
7.2. | CO₂-derived building materials |
7.2.1. | The Basic Chemistry: CO₂ Mineralization |
7.2.2. | CO₂ use in the cement and concrete supply chain |
7.2.3. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing |
7.2.4. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates |
7.2.5. | CO₂-derived carbonates from waste (1/2) |
7.2.6. | CO₂-derived carbonates from waste (2/2) |
7.2.7. | The market potential of CO₂ use in the construction industry |
7.2.8. | Supplying CO₂ to a decentralized concrete industry |
7.2.9. | Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets |
7.2.10. | Market dynamics of cement and concrete |
7.2.11. | CO₂U business models in building materials |
7.2.12. | CO₂ utilization players in mineralization |
7.2.13. | Concrete carbon footprint of key CO₂U companies |
7.2.14. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials |
7.3. | CO₂-derived chemicals and polymers |
7.3.1. | CO₂ can be converted into a giant range of chemicals |
7.3.2. | Using CO₂ as a feedstock is energy-intensive |
7.3.3. | The basics: Types of CO₂ utilization reactions |
7.3.4. | CO₂ may need to be first converted into CO or syngas |
7.3.5. | Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Syngas to hydrocarbons |
7.3.6. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
7.3.7. | Low-temperature electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
7.3.8. | High-temperature solid oxide electrolyzers |
7.3.9. | Cost parity has been a challenge for CO₂-derived methanol |
7.3.10. | Thermochemical methods: CO₂-derived methanol |
7.3.11. | Aromatic hydrocarbons from CO₂ |
7.3.12. | Artificial photosynthesis |
7.3.13. | CO₂ in polymer manufacturing |
7.3.14. | Commercial production of polycarbonate from CO₂ |
7.3.15. | Carbon nanostructures made from CO₂ |
7.3.16. | Players in CO₂-derived chemicals by end-product |
7.3.17. | CO₂-derived chemicals: Market potential |
7.3.18. | Are CO₂-derived chemicals climate beneficial? |
7.3.19. | CO₂-derived chemicals manufacturing: Centralized or distributed? |
7.3.20. | What would it take for the chemical industry to run on CO₂? |
7.3.21. | Which CO₂U technologies are more suitable to which products? |
7.3.22. | Technical feasibility of main CO₂-derived chemicals |
7.3.23. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived chemicals and polymers |
7.4. | CO₂-derived fuels |
7.4.1. | What are CO₂-derived fuels? |
7.4.2. | CO₂ can be converted into a variety of energy carriers |
7.4.3. | Summary of main routes to CO₂-fuels |
7.4.4. | The challenge of energy efficiency |
7.4.5. | CO₂-fuels market: Legacy vehicles and long-haul transportation |
7.4.6. | CO₂-fuels in shipping |
7.4.7. | CO₂-fuels in aviation |
7.4.8. | Synthetic natural gas - thermocatalytic pathway |
7.4.9. | Biological fermentation of CO₂ into methane |
7.4.10. | Drivers and barriers for power-to-gas technology adoption |
7.4.11. | Power-to-gas projects worldwide - current and announced |
7.4.12. | Can CO₂-fuels achieve cost parity with fossil-fuels? |
7.4.13. | CO₂-fuels rollout is linked to electrolyzer capacity |
7.4.14. | Low-carbon hydrogen is crucial to CO₂-fuels |
7.4.15. | CO₂-derived fuels projects announced |
7.4.16. | CO₂-derived fuels projects worldwide over time - current and announced |
7.4.17. | CO₂-fuels from solar power |
7.4.18. | Companies in CO₂-fuels by end-product |
7.4.19. | Are CO₂-fuels climate beneficial? |
7.4.20. | CO₂-derived fuels SWOT analysis |
7.4.21. | CO₂-derived fuels: Market potential |
7.4.22. | Key takeaways |
7.5. | CO₂ utilization in biological processes |
7.5.1. | CO₂ utilization in biological processes |
7.5.2. | Main companies using CO₂ in biological processes |
7.5.3. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses |
7.5.4. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: Market potential |
7.5.5. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: Pros and cons |
7.5.6. | CO₂-enhanced algae or cyanobacteria cultivation |
7.5.7. | CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: Open vs closed systems |
7.5.8. | Algae has multiple market applications |
7.5.9. | The algae-based fuel market has been rocky |
7.5.10. | Algae-based fuel for aviation |
7.5.11. | CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: Pros and cons |
7.5.12. | CO₂ utilization in biomanufacturing |
7.5.13. | CO₂-consuming microorganisms |
7.5.14. | Food and feed from CO₂ |
7.5.15. | CO₂-derived food and feed: Market |
7.5.16. | Carbon fermentation: Pros and cons |
8. | CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE |
8.1.1. | The case for carbon dioxide storage or sequestration |
8.1.2. | Technology status of CO₂ storage |
8.1.3. | Storing supercritical CO₂ underground |
8.1.4. | Mechanisms of subsurface CO₂ trapping |
8.1.5. | Estimates of global CO₂ storage space |
8.1.6. | CO₂ leakage is a small risk |
8.1.7. | Monitoring, measurement, and verification (MMV) in CO₂ storage |
8.1.8. | Carbon storage: Technical challenges |
8.2. | CO₂ Dedicated Storage |
8.2.1. | Storage types for geologic CO₂ storage (1/3) |
8.2.2. | Storage types for geologic CO₂ storage (2/3) |
8.2.3. | Storage types for geologic CO₂ storage (2/3) |
8.2.4. | Can CO₂ storage be monetized? |
8.2.5. | CCS as a Service in the North Sea: The Longship Project |
8.2.6. | CCS as a Service in the North Sea: The Porthos Project |
8.2.7. | The cost of carbon sequestration (1/2) |
8.2.8. | The cost of carbon sequestration (1/2) |
8.3. | CO₂ Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) |
8.3.1. | What is CO₂ Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)? |
8.3.2. | What happens to the injected CO₂? |
8.3.3. | Types of CO₂-EOR designs |
8.3.4. | Global status of CO₂-EOR: US dominates but other regions arise |
8.3.5. | Operational anthropogenic CO₂-EOR facilities worldwide |
8.3.6. | CO₂-EOR potential |
8.3.7. | Most CO₂ in the US is still naturally sourced |
8.3.8. | CO₂-EOR main players in the US |
8.3.9. | CO₂-EOR main players in North America |
8.3.10. | CO₂-EOR in China |
8.3.11. | The economics of promoting CO₂ storage through CO₂-EOR |
8.3.12. | The impact of oil prices on CO₂-EOR feasibility |
8.3.13. | Climate considerations in CO₂-EOR |
8.3.14. | The climate impact of CO₂-EOR varies over time |
8.3.15. | CO₂-EOR: An on-ramp for CCS and DACCS? |
8.3.16. | CO₂-EOR in shale: The next frontier? |
8.3.17. | CO₂-EOR SWOT analysis |
8.3.18. | CO₂-EOR: Key market takeaways |
8.3.19. | CO₂-EOR: Key environmental takeaways |
9. | CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION |
9.1. | CO₂ transportation |
9.2. | CO₂ transportation is a bottleneck |
9.3. | Technical challenges in CO₂ transport |
9.4. | Technology status of CO₂ transport |
9.5. | Cost considerations in CO₂ transport (1/2) |
9.6. | Cost considerations in CO₂ transport (2/2) |
9.7. | Potential for cost reduction in transport and storage |
9.8. | CO₂ Infrastructure in Europe |
9.9. | CO₂ transport and storage business model |
10. | MARKET FORECASTS |
10.1. | CCUS forecast methodology and assumptions |
10.2. | CCUS forecast breakdown |
10.3. | CCUS market forecast - Overall discussion |
10.4. | CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO₂ |
10.5. | CCUS forecast by capture type - Direct Air Capture (DAC) capacity forecast |
10.6. | Point-source carbon capture capacity forecast by CO₂ source sector, Mtpa of CO₂ |
10.7. | Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - Industry and hydrogen |
10.8. | Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - Gas, power, and bioenergy |
10.9. | CCUS capacity forecast by CO₂ endpoint, Mtpa of CO₂ |
10.10. | CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - Discussion |
10.11. | CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - CO₂ storage |
10.12. | CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - CO₂ enhanced oil recovery (EOR) |
10.13. | CO₂ utilization capacity forecast by CO₂ end-use, Mtpa of CO₂ |
10.14. | CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - CO₂ utilization |
11. | COMPANY PROFILES |
11.1. | 8Rivers |
11.2. | Cambridge Carbon Capture |
11.3. | Carbicrete |
11.4. | Carboclave |
11.5. | Carbon Engineering |
11.6. | Carbon Recycling International |
11.7. | Carbon Upcycling Technologies |
11.8. | CarbonCure |
11.9. | CarbonFree |
11.10. | CarbonWorks |
11.11. | Cemvita Factory |
11.12. | CERT |
11.13. | Charm Industrial |
11.14. | Chiyoda Corporation |
11.15. | Climeworks |
11.16. | Coval Energy |
11.17. | Denbury |
11.18. | Dimensional Energy |
11.19. | Econic |
11.20. | Electrochaea |
11.21. | Evonik |
11.22. | Fortera |
11.23. | Global Thermostat |
11.24. | LanzaTech |
11.25. | Liquid Wind |
11.26. | Mars Materials |
11.27. | Mercurius Biorefining |
11.28. | Newlight Technologies |
11.29. | OBRIST Group |
11.30. | Planetary Technologies |
11.31. | SkyNano LLC |
11.32. | Solar Foods |
11.33. | Sunfire |
11.34. | Sustaera |
11.35. | Synhelion |
11.36. | Twelve |
11.37. | UP Catalyst |