1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | 21st century agriculture is facing major challenges |
1.2. | The need for alternatives to conventional herbicides |
1.3. | Crop biotechnology |
1.4. | How could crop biotechnology help? |
1.5. | Genetics can help save dying crops |
1.6. | A comparison of genetic engineering techniques |
1.7. | Genetic engineering is widely used in agriculture |
1.8. | The Americas dominate GMO production |
1.9. | Transgenic crops have clear benefits for farmers |
1.10. | Future directions for transgenic crops |
1.11. | A comparison of genome editing techniques |
1.12. | CRISPR could significantly reduce time to market |
1.13. | A comparison of genetic manipulation technologies |
1.14. | Synthetic biology in agriculture |
1.15. | How could synthetic biology benefit agriculture? |
1.16. | Plants as production systems compared with other cells |
1.17. | Global differences in regulation for genetic engineering |
1.18. | Regulating GM foods in the US and EU |
1.19. | Global policy developments towards gene editing |
1.20. | Consumer attitudes to technology in agriculture |
1.21. | The "Big Four" of crop biotechnology |
1.22. | Total agricultural revenue of the Big Four (2010-2019) |
1.23. | Could CRISPR democratise crop biotechnology? |
1.24. | Crop biotechnology start-up landscape |
1.25. | The future of crop biotechnology |
1.26. | Crop biotechnology forecast by method |
1.27. | Global crop biotechnology market forecast by region |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | 21st century agriculture is facing major challenges |
2.2. | The problem with pathogens |
2.3. | Types of plant pathogens |
2.4. | Global pesticide use |
2.5. | The need for alternatives to conventional herbicides |
2.6. | The threat of topsoil erosion |
2.7. | The environmental impacts of food and agriculture |
2.8. | Crop biotechnology |
2.9. | How could crop biotechnology help? |
2.10. | Crop biotechnology case study: Roundup Ready |
2.11. | Genetics can help save dying crops |
2.12. | The power of crop biotechnology: The Green Revolution |
2.13. | Transgenic crops have clear benefits for farmers |
2.14. | A brief history of key biotechnology advances |
2.15. | What is the plant microbiome? |
2.16. | Manipulating the microbiome to improve crops |
2.17. | Other IDTechEx reports on genetic technologies |
3. | AN INTRODUCTION TO GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES |
3.1. | The basics |
3.1.1. | What is DNA? |
3.1.2. | Genetics: jargon buster |
3.1.3. | Genetics: jargon buster |
3.2. | DNA sequencing |
3.2.1. | DNA sequencing |
3.2.2. | Costs of DNA sequencing have fallen dramatically |
3.2.3. | First generation DNA sequencing - Sanger sequencing |
3.2.4. | Next generation sequencing (NGS) |
3.2.5. | Third generation sequencing |
3.3. | Artificial DNA synthesis |
3.3.1. | Artificial gene synthesis |
3.3.2. | DNA Synthesis: past and present |
3.3.3. | Phosphoramidite method for oligonucleotide synthesis |
3.4. | Genome editing |
3.4.1. | Genome editing |
3.4.2. | Approaches to genome editing |
3.4.3. | TALENs and ZFNs |
3.4.4. | CRISPR |
3.4.5. | CRISPR-Cas9: A Bacterial Immune System |
3.4.6. | CRISPR can have multiple outcomes |
3.4.7. | What can CRISPR do? |
3.4.8. | A comparison of genome editing techniques |
3.4.9. | A comparison of genome editing techniques |
3.4.10. | The IP situation for gene editing technologies |
3.4.11. | Patent applications in ZFNs, TALENs and meganucleases |
3.4.12. | Key players in genome editing |
3.4.13. | Who owns CRISPR-Cas9 and why is it so problematic? |
3.4.14. | The Broad Institute and the University of California |
3.4.15. | The Broad Institute and the University of California |
3.4.16. | Commercialising CRISPR-Cas9 |
3.4.17. | Licensing Agreements with Commercial Enterprises |
3.4.18. | The wide landscape of CRISPR patents |
3.4.19. | The CRISPR race |
3.4.20. | Companies are Finding Ways of Avoiding Royalties |
3.4.21. | Products Engineered Using CRISPR-Cas9 |
3.4.22. | The Outlook for CRISPR-Cas9 |
4. | GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE |
4.1. | Genetic engineering |
4.1.1. | What is genetic engineering? |
4.1.2. | A comparison of genetic engineering techniques |
4.2. | Selective breeding |
4.2.1. | Selective breeding: a form of genetic manipulation |
4.2.2. | Types of selective breeding |
4.2.3. | Problems with selective breeding |
4.2.4. | Genomics: improving the efficiency of selective breeding |
4.2.5. | Selective breeding for improving tomatoes |
4.2.6. | Marker-assisted selection |
4.2.7. | Marker-assisted selection: disease resistant tomatoes |
4.2.8. | Quantitative trait locus analysis |
4.2.9. | Principles of mapping quantitative trait loci |
4.2.10. | QTL analysis and selective breeding: Equinom |
4.2.11. | Equinom |
4.2.12. | Using the microbiome to improve disease resistance |
4.2.13. | Networking the microbiome |
4.2.14. | The importance of diversity |
4.2.15. | Academic examples of bacterial treatments for crop improvement |
4.2.16. | Evogene |
4.2.17. | AgBiome |
4.3. | Genetically modified organisms |
4.3.1. | Genetically modified organisms |
4.3.2. | GMOs: issues with terminology |
4.3.3. | Mutagenesis |
4.3.4. | Distribution of mutagenic crops worldwide |
4.3.5. | RNA interference (RNAi) |
4.3.6. | Transgenic organisms |
4.3.7. | Genetic engineering is widely used in agriculture |
4.3.8. | The Americas dominate GMO production |
4.3.9. | Examples of transgenic crops approved in the USA |
4.3.10. | Future directions for transgenic crops |
4.4. | Genome editing in agriculture |
4.4.1. | How is genome editing different to genetic modification? |
4.4.2. | Calyxt: the first commercial gene edited crop |
4.4.3. | Calyxt |
4.4.4. | The CRISPR revolution |
4.4.5. | CRISPR could significantly reduce time to market |
4.4.6. | Delivery of CRISPR reagents to plants |
4.4.7. | How CRISPR is being used to improve crops |
4.4.8. | CRISPR in action: domesticating wild tomatoes |
4.4.9. | CRISPR in action: non-browning mushrooms |
4.4.10. | Challenges with CRISPR in agriculture |
4.4.11. | Future directions for CRISPR research in agriculture |
4.4.12. | Companies developing CRISPR-enhanced crops |
4.4.13. | Corteva Agriscience |
4.4.14. | Improved waxy corn: the first CRISPR-edited product? |
4.4.15. | Benson Hill |
4.4.16. | Epigenetics |
4.4.17. | MSH1 silencing - crop epigenetics in action |
4.4.18. | Epicrop Technologies |
4.4.19. | A comparison of genetic manipulation technologies |
4.5. | Synthetic biology |
4.5.1. | What is synthetic biology? |
4.5.2. | Defining synthetic biology |
4.5.3. | The difference between synthetic biology and genetic engineering |
4.5.4. | The Scope of Synthetic Biology is Vast |
4.5.5. | IDTechEx research on synthetic biology |
4.5.6. | Ginkgo Bioworks |
4.5.7. | Ginkgo's automated approach to strain engineering |
4.5.8. | Zymergen |
4.5.9. | Synthetic biology in agriculture |
4.5.10. | How could synthetic biology benefit agriculture? |
4.5.11. | Crop Enhancement |
4.5.12. | Elo Life Systems |
4.5.13. | Increasing nutritional value |
4.5.14. | Synthetic metabolism to increase yields |
4.5.15. | C3 and C4 photosynthesis |
4.5.16. | Synthetic biology for improved drought tolerance |
4.5.17. | Yield10 Bioscience |
4.5.18. | Photoautotroph-based production |
4.5.19. | Mosspiration Biotech |
4.5.20. | Plant synthetic biology for biofuel production |
4.5.21. | Leaf Expression Systems |
4.5.22. | Plants as production systems compared with other cells |
4.5.23. | Challenges of recombinant protein production in plants |
4.5.24. | Renew Biopharma |
4.5.25. | BioBricks and PhytoBricks |
4.5.26. | Plant synthetic biology in action: phytosensors |
4.5.27. | Reducing fertiliser usage |
4.5.28. | Engineering the plant microbiome |
4.5.29. | Pivot Bio |
4.5.30. | Joyn Bio |
5. | MARKETS |
5.1. | Regulations |
5.1.1. | The state of regulations for genetic engineering |
5.1.2. | Global differences in regulation for genetic engineering |
5.1.3. | Regulating GM foods in the US and EU |
5.1.4. | The US approach to GM food regulation |
5.1.5. | EPA, USDA and FDA all play a role in GMO regulations |
5.1.6. | The Plant Biotechnology Consultation Program |
5.1.7. | US regulations case study: Bt11 corn |
5.1.8. | The US is introducing labelling requirements |
5.1.9. | US regulations and genome editing |
5.1.10. | The EU approach to GM food regulation |
5.1.11. | The EU approach to GM food regulation |
5.1.12. | The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety |
5.1.13. | EU regulations on mutagenesis |
5.1.14. | EU regulations: implications for gene editing |
5.1.15. | EU regulations: fit for purpose? |
5.1.16. | Europe's restrictive regulations are stymying innovation |
5.1.17. | Outlook on genetic technologies in Europe |
5.1.18. | Japanese regulations on GMOs |
5.1.19. | Chinese regulations and attitudes on GMOs |
5.1.20. | Global policy developments towards gene editing |
5.2. | Public acceptance |
5.2.1. | Consumer attitudes to technology in agriculture |
5.2.2. | Consumer hostility to GMOs |
5.2.3. | "Monsanto is evil": a lesson in public relations |
5.2.4. | "Monsanto is evil": a lesson in public relations |
5.2.5. | Learning Lessons from the Past: Golden Rice |
5.2.6. | Does public opinion matter? |
5.2.7. | Improving public opinion |
5.2.8. | Will CRISPR suffer the same public hostility? |
5.3. | Industry overview |
5.3.1. | The "Big Four" of agricultural biotechnology |
5.3.2. | Consolidation in agriculture - acquisitions by the Big Four |
5.3.3. | Bayer Crop Science |
5.3.4. | Bayer Crop Science: main products and brands |
5.3.5. | Bayer Crop Science: important collaborations |
5.3.6. | Bayer Crop Science product innovation pipeline |
5.3.7. | Bayer's acquisition of Monsanto: the worst deal ever? |
5.3.8. | BASF |
5.3.9. | BASF Agricultural Solutions |
5.3.10. | BASF's agricultural innovation pipeline |
5.3.11. | Plant biotechnology is extremely expensive |
5.3.12. | Syngenta (ChemChina) |
5.3.13. | ChemChina's acquisition of Syngenta |
5.3.14. | Corteva Agriscience |
5.3.15. | Total agricultural revenue of the Big Four (2010-2019) |
5.3.16. | Nutritionally-enhanced crops: why so slow? |
5.3.17. | The Golden Rice Project and omega-3 enriched canola |
5.3.18. | Could CRISPR democratise agricultural biotechnology? |
5.3.19. | Crop biotechnology start-up landscape |
5.3.20. | The rise of genetic engineering and subsequent patents |
5.3.21. | Impact on Economies, and Changing Opinions |
5.3.22. | To GM, or not to GM...that is the question |
5.3.23. | Private sector innovation is driving agricultural biotech |
5.3.24. | Agricultural biotech innovation is a global effort |
5.3.25. | Distribution of plant biotechnology innovation clusters |
6. | FORECASTS |
6.1. | The future of crop biotechnology |
6.2. | Crop biotechnology forecast by method |
6.3. | Forecast: crop selective breeding |
6.4. | Forecast: GMOs (transgenics & cisgenics) |
6.5. | Forecast: gene editing |
6.6. | Global crop biotechnology market forecast by region |
7. | THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 |
7.1. | Preface |
7.2. | Background on COVID-19 |
7.3. | COVID-19 as a pandemic |
7.4. | Economic impact of COVID-19 |
7.5. | The impact of COVID-19 on IDTechEx forecasts |
7.6. | The impact of COVID-19 on agriculture |
7.7. | COVID-19 and agricultural biotechnology |
7.8. | COVID-19: can plant biotechnology help? |